master of veterinary science in livestock production management ajit kumar

121 Pages·2014·2.34 MB·English

EFFECT OF FEED ENERGY LEVELS ON SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR,
TESTICULAR DEVELOPMENT, SEMEN QUALITY
AND FREEZABILITY OF MURRAH
BUFFALO YOUNG BULLS

THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE
NATIONAL DAIRY RESEARCH INSTITUTE, KARNAL
(DEEMED UNIVERSITY)
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT
FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF

MASTER OF VETERINARY SCIENCE
IN
LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT
BY
AJIT KUMAR
B.V.Sc. & A.H.

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT SECTION
NATIONAL DAIRY RESEARCH INSTITUTE
(I.C.A.R.)
KARNAL-132001 (HARYANA), INDIA

2014
Regn. No. 2071208

Dedicated to
supreme almighty
BABA ji and my
beloved PARENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
  With the blessings of the "Almighty God", I completed this venture, I express my heartfelt sense of
gratitude towards Omnipotent and all those who helped, guided and inspired me to complete this study
successfully.
I express my deepest gratitude and candid thanks to my esteemed supervisor, Dr Pawan Singh
(Principal Scientist, Livestock Production Management), National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal
(Haryana) India, for his excellent guidance, caring, timely suggestions, keen interest, constant inspiration,
and providing an excellent atmosphere during the entire research period without which it would not have
been possible for me to complete this work. He taught me a lifelong lesson of sincerity, dedication, patience
and humanity. I consider it an honor to work with him.
I would like to convey my regards and sincere thanks to the member of advisory committee Dr
Mukesh bhakat, Senior Scientist, Livestock Production Management section, Dr S. K. Tomar, Principal
Scientist, Dairy Cattle Nutrition for allowing to work in his laboratory, Dr G. Kaul, Principal
Scientist,Animal Biochemistry Division and Dr Archana Verma, Principal Scientist, Dairy Cattle Breeding
Divisionfor the valuable suggestions, erudite guidance and all possible cooperation during several phases of
this investigation.
I wish to express my deep reverence to Dr A. K. Srivatsava, Director, NDRI, Karnal, for
providing the necessary research and academic facilities required for my study and throughout the tenure of
my research work.
I wish to express my deep sense of gratitude to Dr Shiv Prasad, Principal Scientist and In-charge
Cattle Yard, Livestock Production Management Section, Dr A. K. Gupta, Principal Scientist , Dairy
Cattle Breeding Division, Dr T. K. Mohanty, Principal Scientist, Livestock Production Management
Section, Dr S. S. Lathwal, Senior scientist Livestock Production Management Section, Dr R. Chandra,
Scientist Livestock Production Management Section for their affection, valuable suggestions, all possible
cooperation and encouragement.I feel immense pleasure to express a note of thanks to all scientists of LPM
section for their timely and valuable suggestions.
I extend my special thanks to Dr A. K. Tyagi, Principal Scientist, Dairy Cattle Nutrition and Dr
Shohanvir Singh Principal Scientist, Dairy Cattle Physiology Division, for their kind support and valuable
guidance during my stayin the hostel.
I express my sincere thanks, to all faculty members and Staff of Artificial Breeding Research
Centre (ABRC). Especially, I would like to acknowledge Dr. J. K. Pundir, Dr. Amarmpal Singh, Dr.
Jitender Rana, Sunil kumar, Ramesh, Anil, Shyam Singh, Mr. Vinay and Mr. Ashwin for extending a
helping hand, cooperation and making my stay memorable at ABRC.
I must not forget to owe all the Murrah bulls who donated their sperms for my research work.
I express my sincere thanks to the Sukh Devji (M.V.Sc. Counter), Naresh ji (LPM) for their
support and help in academic process. I extend my special thanks to Gian Singh ji for help in data analysis.
I convey my heartfelt and esteemed sense of gratitude for lovely seniors Siddharth Shankar Layak
sir, Aslam sir, , Rupal mam, Shailendra sir, Nitinsir, rohit sir, , Shilpi mam, sir, for their immense help and
encouragement at each and every step of my research. It has been my good fortune to have seniors like
Kuldeep sir, Chandan sir, Manas sir , Utkarsh , Ambadas sir whose brotherly love, care and help during the

CONTENTS
Chapter
Title
Page no.
no
1 INTRODUCTION 1-3
2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 4-30
2.1 Dry matter intake 4-5
2.2 Feeding and body weight 5-8
2.3 Scrotal circumference 8
2.3.1 Age and scrotal circumference 8
2.3.2 Body weight and scrotal circumference 9
2.3.3 Feeding and scrotal circumference 9-12
2.3.4 Scrotal circumference and semen quality 13
2.4 Testosterone production in bulls 13
2.4.1 Mechanism of testosterone secretion and semen 13-14
production in testes
2.4.2 Relationship of testosterone and semen quality 14
2.4.4 Feeding and testosterone 15-16
2.5 Insulin like factor-1 16
2.51 Relationship of insulin like growth factor-1 with 16-17
testosterone and semen quality
2.5.2 Feeding and Insulin like factor-1 17-18
2.6 Sexual behaviour 18
2.6.1 Relationship between sexual behaviour and seminal 18-19
attributes
2.6.2 Feeding and sexual behaviour 19
2.7 Quality aspects of semen 19
2.7.1 Colour and consistency 19
2.7.2 Volume 20-21
2.7.3 Mass motility 21
2.7.4 Individual sperm motility 21-22
2.7.5 Sperm concentration 22-23
2.7.6 Sperm viability 23
2.7.7 Morphological sperm abnormalities 23-24
2.7.8 Acrosomal integrity of spermatozoa 24
2.8 Feeding and semen quality 25-30
3 MATERIALS AND METHODS 31-47
3.1 Location of farm and climate 31
3.2 Selection of bulls 31
3.2.1 Housing and management of bulls 31
3.3.1 Feeding plan of bulls 33
3.4.1 Dry matter intake 34
3.4.2 Body weight measurement 34
3.4.3 Scrotal circumference measurement 34
3.4.4 Estimation of testosterone hormone 34
3.4.4.1 Principle 35
3.4.4.2 Preparation of reagents 35
3.4.4.3 Assay procedure 35
3.4.4.4 Calculation of results 35-36
3.4.5 Estimation of insulin like growth factor-1 36
3.4.5.1 Principle 36
3.4.5.2 Preparation of reagents 36
3.4.5.3 Assay procedure 36
3.4.5.4 Calculation of results 37
3.5 Measurements of reaction time of bulls 37
3.6 Preparation of bulls 38
3.6.1 Preparation of artificial vagina 38
3.6.2 Semen collection 38
3.6.3 Initial semen evaluation 39
3.6.3.1 Volume 39
3.6.3.2 Mass motility 39
3.6.3.3 Individual sperm motility 40
3.6.3.4 Colour 40
3.6.3.5 Sperm concentration 40
3.6.3.5.2 Procedure 40-41
3.6.3.5.3 Calculation 41
3.6.4 Viability of sperm 41
3.6.4.1 Principle 41-42
3.6.5 Morphological sperm abnormalities 42-43
3.6.6 Acrosomal integrity 43
3.6.6.3 Preparation of stain 43
3.6.6.5 Preparation of Giemsa working solution 44
3.6.6.6 Staining of procedure 44
3.7 Semen freezing 44
3.7.1 Preparation of extender 44
3.7.2 Dilution of semen 44
3.7.3 Printing of straws 44
3.7.4 Filling and sealing of semen straws 44-45
3.7.5 Freezing of semen straws 45
3.7.6 Storage of frozen straws 46
3.7.7 Evaluation of frozen semen 46
3.7.7.1 Thawing of semen 47
3.8 Post-freezing evaluation of spermatozoa 47
3.8.1 Post thaw motility 47
3.8.2 Viability of sperm 47
3.8.3 Acrosomal integrity 47
3.9 Statistical analysis 47
4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 48-64
5 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 65-67
6 BIBLIOGRAPHY i-xx