master of veterinary science in animal genetics and breeding shyam sundar tripathy

170 Pages·2015·3.8 MB·English

GENETIC EVALUATION OF SAHIWAL AND KARAN-FRIES
BULLS FOR FIRST LACTATION ENERGY CORRECTED
MILK PRODUCTION AND PRODUCTIVITY

THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE
ICAR- NATIONAL DAIRY RESEARCH INSTITUTE, KARNAL
(DEEMED UNIVERSITY)
IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS
FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF

MASTER OF VETERINARY SCIENCE
IN
ANIMAL GENETICS AND BREEDING
BY

SHYAM SUNDAR TRIPATHY
B.V.Sc. & A.H.

DIVISION OF DAIRY CATTLE BREEDING
ICAR- NATIONAL DAIRY RESEARCH INSTITUTE
(DEEMED UNIVERSITY)
KARNAL-132 001 (HARYANA), INDIA

2015

Regn. No. 13-M-AG-02

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I feel my foremost duty to express my deepest gratitude to my benevolent advisor Dr. Atish Kumar
Chakravarty, Principal Scientist & Head, Dairy Cattle Breeding Division, ICAR-NDRI, Karnal
for carrying me to the fascinating world of Animal Breeding & Genetics. Throughout the duration
of the dissertation, I was blessed with his enthusiastic supervision, guidance and support. He has
actively involved with his students, bearing in mind their best interests. Sir, you will continue to
be an eternal source of inspiration to me and my fellow students. Any success that I have or will
receive in my journey through science will perpetually be dedicated, in part, to you. Thank you, sir.
My profound respect and sincere gratitude is extended to Dr. A.K Gupta, Principal Scientist,
DCB, Dr. Avtar Singh, Principal Scientist, DCB, Dr.R. Malhotra, Principal Scientist, DESM
and Dr. Mukesh Bhakat, Senior Scientist, LPM, members of my advisory committee for their
discussion and constant inspiration during the entire period of research work.
My sincere thanks are due to Dr A K Srivastava, Director, ICAR-NDRI, Karnal, for providing
all the necessary facilities to carry out the research. Financial assistance from ICAR in the form of
Junior Research Fellowship is gratefully acknowledged.
I am extremely grateful to Shri. Gian Singh and other members of the computer centre for their
help during the analysis of my data.
A formal line of appreciation would hardly meet the end of justice to record my regards and
gratitude to my divisional seniors Neeraj Kashyap, Mir Mohsin, Rajlaxmi,for being extremely
supportive at all stages of my work.
I also thank the staff of Dairy Cattle Breeding Division for their co-operation at all stages of my
work. I specially thank Raghubir Uncleji and Vikram Uncleji for their benevolent help and
providing a family atmosphere in the record room. I am also thankful to all staff of Dairy Cattle
Breeding Division for their cooperation at all stages of my work .
I take this opportunity to thank my dear friend Anil for being with me all through the dissertation
work and for the wholehearted help and moral support rendered to me.
I am extremely thankful to my wonderful and ever helping friends Rani Alex, Divya, Jamuna,
Rakesh, Vineeth, Utkarsh and Nitin. Special thanks to Dr. Radhika G., Assistant Professor,
College of veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy for her kind help.
There are no words but only feelings to honorably pay my very regards to my Parents for their
divine influence upon my life, with their countless blessings and for inspiring me to stand up for
what is right. They are the sole source of inspiration for all my pursuits. I gratefully acknowledge
the concern, affection and understanding of my better half Sreela without whom completion of
this work was nearly impossible. The journey made in last one year had taught me invaluable
lessons and will surely help me in becoming a better person. Above all thank you almighty for
showing me the right path and answering all my honest prayers.
Not everyone is mentioned but none is forgotten.

Dated:
Place: Karnal (Shyam Sundar Tripathy)
Dedicated to
my parents
CONTENTS

Chapter Title Page No.
1 INTRODUCTION 1-4
2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 5-43
2.1 Average of the traits
2.1.1 First lactation 305 Days or less milk yield
5
(FL305MY)
2.1.2 First Lactation 305 Days or Less Wet Average 5
2.1.3 Average Test Day Milk Yield 12
2.1.4 Average Test Day Fat Percentage 12
2.1.5 Average Test Day Fat Yield 13
2.1.6 Average Test Day Protein Percentage 14
2.1.7 Average Test Day Protein Yield 15
2.1.8 Average Test Day Lactose Percentage 16
2.2 Effect of non-genetic factors on the traits
2.2.1 First Lactation 305 Days or less Milk Yield 18
2.2.2 First Lactation 305 Wet Average 22
2.2.3 Average Test Day Fat Percentage 23
2.2.4 Average Test Day Fat Yield 23
2.2.5 Average Test Day Protein Percentage 27
2.2.6 Average Test Day Protein Yield 28
2.3 Prediction of energy corrected milk 28
2.4 Heritability of the traits
2.4.1 First Lactation 305 Days Milk Yield 29
2.4.2 Average Test Day Fat Percentage 30
2.4.3 Average test day fat yield 31
2.4.4 Average Test Day Protein Percentage 32
2.4.5 Average Test Day Protein Yield 33
2.4.6 Average Test Day Lactose Percentage 34
2.5 Sire eveluation
2.5.1 Contemporary Comparison Method 34
2.5.2 Least Squares Method 36
Chapter Title Page No.
2.5.3 Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (BLUP) 37
2.5.4 Comparison of effectiveness of various methods
38
of sire evaluation
3 MATERIALS AND METHODS 44-56
3.1 Source of data 44
3.2 Location of the farm and environment 44
3.3 Information on Karan-Fries and Sahiwal cattle
3.3.1 General information 44
3.3.2 Traits considered for study 45
3.3.3 Traits recorded 45
3.3.4 Traits generated 45
3.4 Data structure
3.4.1 Standardization of data 46
3.4.2 Normalization of data 46
3.5 Classification of data
3.5.1 Classification of periods 46
3.5.2 Classification of seasons 47
3.5.3 Classification of age groups 48
3.6 Statistical analysis
3.6.1 Measures of central tendency and dispersion 48
3.6.2 Least - squares analysis 48
3.6.3 Analysis of variance 49
3.6.4 Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) 49
3.7 Adjustment of traits 50
3.8 Genentic and phenotypic parameters
3.8.1 Estimation of heritability 50
3.8.2 Genetic and phenotypic correlations 51
3.9 First lactation energy corrected milk 52
3.10 Prediction of first lactation energy corrected milk in

Karan-Fries and Sahiwal cattle
3.10.1 Phenotypic predictor of first lactation energy 53
Chapter Title Page No.
corrected milk
3.10.2 Accuracy of fitting regression model 53
3.11 Sire evaluation
3.11.1 Contemporary Comparison (CC) method 54
3.11.2 Least-Squares Method (LSM) 54
3.11.3 Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (BLUP) 55
3.12 Criteria for judging the effectiveness of various sire

evaluation methods
3.12.1 Within sire variance or error variance 56
3.12.2 Spearman’s rank correlations 56
4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 57-120
4.1 Average of the traits
4.1.1 First Lactation 305 Days or less milk yield 57
4.1.2 First Lactation 305 Wet Average 60
4.1.3 Average Test day Milk Yield 60
4.1.4 Average Test Day Fat Percentage 61
4.1.5 Average Test Day Fat Yield 61
4.1.6 Average Test Day Protein Percentage 62
4.1.7 Average Test Day Protein Yield 62
4.1.8 Average Test Day Lactose Percentage 63
4.1.9 Average Test Day Lactose Yield 63
4.1.10 Fat Based Energy per kg 64
4.1.11 Fat Based Energy per First Lactation 305 Days Milk
64
Yield
4.1.12 Fat, Protein and Lactose Based Energy per kg 65
4.1.13 Fat, Protein and Lactose Based Energy per First
65
Lactation 305 Days Milk Yield
4.2 Effect of the non-genetic factors on traits
4.2.1 First Lactation 305 Days or less milk yield 65
4.2.2 First Lactation 305 Wet Average 67
4.2.3 Average Test day Milk Yield 78
4.2.4 Average Test Day Fat Percentage 88
4.2.5 Average Test Day Fat Yield 89
Chapter Title Page No.
4.2.6 Average Test Day Protein Percentage 90
4.2.7 Average Test Day Protein Yield 91
4.2.8 Average Test Day Lactose Percentage 92
4.2.9 Average Test Day Lactose Yield 92
4.2.10 Fat Based Energy/ kg (FBE/kg) 93
4.2.11 Fat Based Energy per First Lactation 305 Days Milk
94
Yield
4.2.12 Fat, Protein and Lactose Based Energy per kg 95
4.2.13 Fat, Protein and Lactose Based Energy per First
95
Lactation 305 Days Milk Yield
4.3 Prediction of First Lactation 305 Days Energy Corrected Milk

Yield
4.3.1 Prediction of first lactation 305 days energy
97
corrected milk in Karan-Fries cattle
4.3.2 Prediction of first lactation 305 days energy
99
corrected milk in Sahiwal cattle
4.4 Genetic and phenotypic parameters
4.4.1 Heritability 100
4.4.2 Genetic and phenotypic correlations of various first
101
lactation traits in Karan-Fries and Sahiwal cattle
4.5 Sire evaluation
4.5.1 Breeding value estimation for first lactation 305 days
or less milk yield and fat based energy per first 104
lactation 305 days milk yield in Karan-Fries bulls
4.5.2 Breeding value estimation for first lactation 305 days
or less milk yield and first lactation 305 days energy 112
corrected milk in Sahiwal bulls
4.5.3 Relative efficiency of effectiveness of various sire
evaluation methods (LSQ and BLUP) in Karan-Fries 116
and Sahiwal cattle
4.5.4 Comparison of sire evaluation methods 118
5 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 121-125
BIBLIOGRAPHY i-xxii
LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Title Page No.
Average first lactation 305 days or less milk yield
1 6-7
(FL305MY) in Karan- Fries and HF crossbred cattle
Averages of first lactation 305 days or less milk yield
2 8-9
(FL305MY) in Sahiwal cattle
First lactation 305 days or less wet average of Karan Fries
3 10-11
and HF crossbred cattle
First lactation 305 days or less wet average of Sahiwal and
4 12
Sahiwal crossbred cattle
5 Average test day milk yield 13
Average lactational fat percentage of Karan-Fries and HF
6 13
crossbred animals
Average lactational fat percentage in Sahiwal and other
7 14
indigenous cattle
8 Average test day fat yield in different breeds of cattle 15
The average lactational protein percentage of Karan-Fries
9 16
and HF crossbred animals
Average lactational protein percentage in Sahiwal and
10 17
other indigenous cattle
11 Average test day protein yield in different breeds of cattle 17
Average lactational lactose percentage in different breeds
12 18
of cattle
Effect of non-genetic factors on first lactation 305 Days or
13 20-21
less milk yield in Karan-Fries and HF crossbred cattle
Effect of non-genetic factors on first lactation 305 Days or
14 19
less milk yield in Sahiwal cattle
Effect of non-genetic factors on first lactation 305 wet
15 24-25
average in different breeds of cattle
Effect of non-genetic factors on lactational fat percentage
16 26
in different breeds of cattle
Effect of non-genetic factors on lactational fat yield in
17 27
indigenous, HF and crossbred cattle
Effect of season on lactational protein percentage in HF
18 28
and HF crossbred cattle
19 Effect of non-genetic factors in lactational protein yield 28
Heritability estimates of First Lactation 305 Days or less
20 30
milk yield in Karan-Fries and HF crossbred cattle
Heritability estimates of First Lactation 305 Days or less
21 31
milk yield in Sahiwal cattle