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Master of the House: Stalin and His Inner Circle (The Yale-Hoover Series on Stalin, Stalinism, and the Cold War) PDF

344 Pages·2008·1.8 MB·English
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the yale-hoover series on stalin,stalinism,and the cold war This page intentionally left blank MASTER OF THE HOUSE STALIN AND HIS INNER CIRCLE OLEG V. KHLEVNIUK Translated by Nora Seligman Favorov Hoover Institution Stanford University Stanford,California Yale University Press New Haven and London Copyright © 2009by Yale University and the Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Jr. University. All rights reserved. This book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, including illustrations, in any form (beyond that copying permitted by Sections 107and 108of the U.S. Copyright Law and except by reviewers for the public press), without written permission from the publishers. Set in Sabon type by The Composing Room of Michigan, Inc., Grand Rapids, Michigan. Printed in the United States of America by Thomson-Shore, Inc., Dexter, Michigan. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Khlevniuk, Oleg V. Master of the house : Stalin and his inner circle /Oleg V. Khlevniuk ; translated by Nora Seligman Favorov. p. cm.—(Yale-Hoover Series on Stalin, Stalinism, and the Cold War) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-300-11066-1(alk. paper) 1. Soviet Union—Politics and government—1917–1936. I. Title. DK266.K4562008 947.084(cid:1)2—dc22 2008017715 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. This paper meets the requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992(Permanence of Paper). It contains 30percent postconsumer waste (PCW) and is certified by the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC). 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Contents Acknowledgments vii Introduction xiii List of Abbreviations xxvii 1. The Stalinization of the Politburo, 1928–1930 1 2. Power in Crisis, 1931–1933 39 3. A Facade of Liberalization, 1934 85 4. Terror and Conciliation, 1935–1936 127 5. Stalin and the Great Terror, 1937–1938 166 6. On the Eve of War: The New Structure of Stalin’s Government 203 Conclusion: Master of the House 246 Appendix 1: Politburo Membership 263 Appendix 2: Visits to Stalin’s Office by Politburo Members and Central Committee Secretaries 266 Notes 273 Index 303 This page intentionally left blank Acknowledgments This book has taken shape over fifteen years of research in the archives of the Soviet government and the administrative structures of the Soviet Communist Party. Every time a new body of previously top secret archival material was opened to researchers, work on this manuscript entered a new stage. This publication represents the culmination of this work, and I am extremely pleased that it will be part of a new series, the Yale-Hoover Series on Stalin, Stalinism, and the Cold War, being launched by two leading institutions in the study of Soviet archives— Stanford University’s Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace, whose director is John Raisian, and Yale University Press, whose direc- tor is John Donatich. I am also grateful to the series editors, Jonathan Brent and Paul Gregory, for their advice and assistance in bringing this book to fruition. I wish as well to express my thanks to the Hoover In- stitution for its support of the latest phase of my work, including its sponsorship with the Russian State Archive of Social and Political His- tory (RGASPI) of the publication of Politburo stenograms by the Rus- sian Political Encyclopedia (ROSSPEN). These stenograms are an im- portant new source that has illuminated questions addressed in this book. Let me turn to the more distant origins of this publication. Since 1992, under the auspices of two projects—Decision-Making Mecha- viii Acknowledgments nisms within the Stalinist Command Economy in the 1930s and the series Documents of Soviet History—I have been investigating the archives of the Politburo and the Council of People’s Commissars, which were opened to researchers in the former Central Party Archive (now RGASPI) and the Central State Archive of the October Revolution and the Supreme Organs of State Power of the USSR (now the State Archive of the Russian Federation—GARF). This research led to several articles and a collection entitled Stalinskoe politburo v 30-e gody(Sta- lin’s Politburo in the 1930s) (Moscow: AIRO-XX, 1995). Even more than these (undoubtedly important) publications, I value the personal and scholarly relationships I developed over the course of this work. Thanks to these relationships, for many years now I have considered myself a member of two extraordinarily interesting teams. The first is the Birmingham University team headed by R. W. Davies. The members of this team—Arfon Rees, the late Derek Watson, Melanie Ilicˇ, Mark Harrison, Stephen Wheatcroft—have become valued colleagues. I have derived great pleasure and benefit from the discussions we shared con- cerning the problems of Soviet history of the 1930s. My participation in the second team came about thanks to the involvement of Andrea Graziosi and Moshe Lewin in the Documents of Soviet History series, which is supported by the Istituto Italiano per gli Studi Filosofici. It has provided me with invaluable experience in the study and publication of archival materials. Suffice it to say that over the course of fifteen years’ work on this project, thirteen collections of documents have been pub- lished, many of which are directly tied to the political history of the So- viet Union. My first monograph dealing with the highest echelons of power in the Soviet Union of the 1930s was devoted to the conflict between Stalin and his close comrade-in-arms Grigory “Sergo” Ordzhonikidze. The book was first published in Russian and has come out in an English- language edition thanks to the efforts of Donald J. Raleigh (Oleg V. Khlevniuk, In Stalin’s Shadow: The Career of “Sergo”Ordzhonikidze [New York: M. E. Sharpe, 1995]). Nicolas Werth proposed writing a book about Stalin’s Politburo for his series of Soviet historical studies (O. Khlevniouk, Le Cercle du Kremlin.Staline et le Bureau politique dans les années 1930: Les jeux du pouvoir [Paris, Seuil, 1996]). Also in 1996, an expanded and revised Russian version of this book was put out by the publisher ROSSPEN Acknowledgments ix under the title Politbiuro. Mekhanizmy politicheskoi vlasti v 1930-e gody (The Politburo: Mechanisms of political power in the 1930s). Markus Wehner, Reinhard Müller, and the scholars and directors of the Hamburg Institute of Social Research arranged to have my work pub- lished in German translation. For this edition (Oleg W. Chlewnjuk, Das Politbüro.Mechanismen der politischen Macht in der Sowjetunion der dreißiger Jahre, Hamburger Edition [Hamburg: Hamburg Institute of Social Research, 1998]) I again revised and expanded the manuscript. This additional work on the book was necessitated by rapid growth in the historiography of the Soviet period and by the constant emergence of documents that shed light on the subject, primarily from the Presi- dential Archive of the Russian Federation (APRF). The book you now hold in your hands is substantially different from the previous versions in terms of its sources. While I was researching it the opportunity arose to work with exceptionally important archival documents (primarily from Stalin’s personal papers) that were moved from APRF to RGASPI in recent years, as well as a number of other sources from Politburo the- matic folders, which continue to be held by APRF. Several recent projects greatly influenced the writing of this book. First among them is the collaboration between the Hoover Institution and RGASPI, which culminated in the publication of a three-volume collection of Politburo stenograms (Stenograms of the TsK RKP[b]- VKP[b] Politburo Meetings,1923–1938 [Moscow: ROSSPEN, 2007]), which facilitates further study into the period. The driving force behind this project was Paul Gregory. The second project that should be men- tioned was carried out by my friend Yoram Gorlizki and me and was devoted to the highest bodies of Stalinist power during their heyday (Yoram Gorlizki and Oleg Khlevniuk, Cold Peace: Stalin and the Soviet Ruling Circle,1945–1953[New York: Oxford University Press,2004]). This project provided new opportunities for a comparative study of the development of the Soviet system and, consequently, for a better under- standing of each development stage. Yoram proved to be a patient and wise coauthor who not only bravely endured my shortcomings but took upon himself the main burden of preparing the book. Third, together with Viktor Danilov and Aleksandr Vatlin, I edited five volumes of Cen- tral Committee plenum stenograms for 1928–1929 (Kak lomali nep. Stenogrammy plenumov TsK VKP[b] 1928–1929 gg. [How NEP was broken: TsK VKP(b) plenum stenograms, 1928–1929] [Moscow: MDF,

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