Master of Penance Studies in Medieval and Early Modern Canon Law Kenneth Pennington, General Editor Editorial Advisory Board Uta-Renate Blumenthal, The Catholic University of America Giles Constable, Institute for Advanced Study Richard Helmholz, University of Chicago John E. Lynch, The Catholic University of America Robert Somerville, Columbia University Brian Tierney, Cornell University Studies in Medieval and Early Modern Canon Law VOLUME 11 Master of Penance Gratian and the Development of Penitential Thought and Law in the Twelfth Century Atria A. Larson The Catholic University of America Press Washington, D.C. Copyright © 2014 The Catholic University of America Press All rights reserved The paper used in this publication meets the minimum re- quirements of American National Standards for Information Science—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984. ∞ Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Larson, Atria A., author. Master of penance : Gratian and the development of peniten- tial thought and law in the twelfth century / Atria A. Larson. pages cm. — (Studies in medieval and early modern canon law ; volume 11) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-8132-2168-7 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Gratian, active 12th century. Decretum. 2. Penance (Canon law)— History—To 1500. 3. Penance—History of doctrines—Middle Ages, 600–1500. I. Title. KBR1367.L37 2014 262.9'22—dc23 2013024285 To Zoe Claire meae vitae clarae Contents Figures and Table ix Acknowledgments xi Author’s Note xv Abbreviations xvii Introduction 1 Part I. The Tractatus de penitentia of Gratian’s Decretum 1. Distinctio 1: Contrition or Confession—What Remits Sins? 35 2. Distinctio 2: Regaining Love Like David or Losing Love Like Satan 100 3. Distinctio 3: Sin and the Nature of True Penance 136 4. Distinctio 4: When Forgiven Sins Come Back to Haunt You 168 5. Distinctiones 5–7: True Penance, Proper Confessor-Priests, and Secure Death 204 6. Penance in Practice: Extra–De penitentia Texts on Penance in the Decretum 237 7. From Discipulus Anselmi to Magister clericorum 271 Part II. The Reception of Gratian’s Tractatus de penitentia 8. From One Master to Another: Peter Lombard’s Usage of Gratian’s De penitentia 315 viii Contents 9. De penitentia in the Classroom (1): The Early Reception, 1140–1170 343 10. De penitentia in the Classroom (2): Paris and Bologna at the End of the Twelfth Century 382 11. Moving beyond the Classroom: De penitentia in England and Southern France, 1160–1190 411 12. De penitentia outside the Classroom: The Papal Curia, 1159–1215 436 Conclusion 487 Appendixes A. The Progressive Formation of De penitentia D.7 cc.2–4 501 B. Overlapping Texts between Peter Lombard, Sent. 4.14–22 and the Decretum 507 C. Adaptatio ab Omnibono Tractatus de penitentia Gratiani 511 D. De penitentia in Celestine III’s Decretal Cum non ab homine 517 Bibliography 519 Indexes Index of Decretum Gratiani Manuscripts 543 Index of Canon Law Citations 545 General Index 549 Figures and Table Figure 5-1. Fd fols. 98vb–99rb (main body) 227 Figure 5-2. Fd fol. 162rb (appendix) and right-hand margin 231 Table B-1. Peter Lombard’s Sentences on Penance and Gratian’s Decretum 508 ix