Massive MIMO in 5G Networks: Selected Applications

106 Pages·2018·3.61 MB·English

by  Long Zhao

SPRINGER BRIEFS IN
ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING
Long Zhao · Hui Zhao
Kan Zheng · Wei Xiang
Massive MIMO
in 5G Networks:
Selected
Applications
SpringerBriefs in Electrical and Computer
Engineering
Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttp://www.springer.com/series/10059
Long Zhao • Hui Zhao (cid:129) Kan Zheng (cid:129) Wei Xiang
Massive MIMO in 5G
Networks: Selected
Applications
123
LongZhao HuiZhao
SchoolofInformationandCommunication SchoolofInformationandCommunication
Engineering Engineering
BeijingUniversityofPosts BeijingUniversityofPosts
andTelecommunications andTelecommunications
HaidianDistrict,Beijing,China HaidianDistrict,Beijing,China
KanZheng WeiXiang
SchoolofInformationandCommunication CollegeofScienceandEngineering
Engineering JamesCookUniversity
BeijingUniversityofPosts Cairns,Queensland,Australia
andTelecommunications
HaidianDistrict,Beijing,China
ISSN2191-8112 ISSN2191-8120 (electronic)
SpringerBriefsinElectricalandComputerEngineering
ISBN978-3-319-68408-6 ISBN978-3-319-68409-3 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68409-3
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2017955546
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Preface
With the rapid development of wireless communications, space-domain technol-
ogy has been widely studied in the past decades. Multiple-input multiple-output
(MIMO), as a typical space-domain technology, has vast potential to provide high
information rates and to improve system reliability, and thus was adopted in the
fourth generation (4G) cellular networks. However, to satisfy the high spectral
efficiency,energyefficiencyaswellasreliabilityrequirementsofthefifthgeneration
(5G) cellular networks, some technical breakthroughs are essential. Therefore,
massive MIMO technology was proposed and has become the key technique of
5Gcellularnetworksamongotheradvancedtechniquessuchasdensenetworksand
millimetercommunications.
TheobjectiveofthismonographistopresentthebasictheoryofmassiveMIMO
and to examine several typical applications of massive MIMO. In Chap.1, we
elaborate on the significance of massive MIMO for 5G or future communications
followingabriefintroductiontotherequirementsandkeytechniquesof5Gaswell
as traditional MIMO techniques. Chapter 2 describes a variety of 5G scenarios
and their improvements when massive MIMO is taken into account, followed
by state-of-the-art physical-layer techniques and various networking techniques
for interference mitigation and resource scheduling. Chapter 3 focuses on the
physical-layerdesign,multipleaccesscontrol(MAC)mechanism,andnetworking
techniques alongside the performance of millimeter-wave communications aided
by massive MIMO technology. In order to realize the full potential of wireless
communications, massive MIMO is well exploited for hybrid information and
energytransfernetworks.Adownlinkprecoderandanuplinkpilotschemearefirst
proposed for single cell networks, and then both non-cooperative and cooperative
energytransferinmulti-cellarepresentedinChap.4,followingashortintroduction
to the state-of-the-art of wireless energy transfer. Finally, Chap.5 suggests some
open issues that help point out some new research directions in massive MIMO
networks.
WeareverygratefultoProf.Xuemin(Sherman)Shen,theSpringerBriefsseries
editor on Wireless Communications. This book would not be possible without
v
vi Preface
his kind support. Special thanks are also attributed to Caroline Flanagan and
Susan Lagerstrom-Fife at Springer Science+Business Media for their assistance
throughoutthepreparationprocessofthismonograph.
WewouldliketothankJieMei,HaojunYang,andZheYangfromtheWireless
Signal Processing and Network (WSPN) group at the Beijing University of Posts
andTelecommunications(BUPT)fortheircontributionstothismonograph.Wealso
wouldliketothankallthemembersoftheWSPNgroupfortheirthought-provoking
discussionsandinsightfulsuggestions,creativeideas,andvaluablecomments.
This work is funded in part by the National Science Foundation of China
(No. 61601044) and Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities
(No.2016RCGD10,2014ZD03-02).
Beijing,China LongZhao
Beijing,China HuiZhao
Beijing,China KanZheng
Cairns,QLD,Australia WeiXiang
Contents
1 Introduction ................................................................... 1
1.1 5GBrief .................................................................. 1
1.1.1 5GRequirements ................................................ 1
1.1.2 5GTechnology................................................... 2
1.2 MIMOTechnology....................................................... 2
1.2.1 TraditionalMIMO............................................... 2
1.2.2 MassiveMIMO.................................................. 3
1.3 AimofMonograph....................................................... 4
References...................................................................... 5
2 MassiveMIMOTechnology.................................................. 7
2.1 MainApplicationScenarios............................................. 7
2.1.1 HomogeneousNetworkScenarios.............................. 8
2.1.1.1 Multi-LayerSectorization............................. 8
2.1.1.2 AdaptiveBeamforming ............................... 8
2.1.1.3 Large-ScaleCooperation.............................. 9
2.1.2 HeterogeneousNetworkScenarios ............................. 10
2.1.2.1 WirelessBackhaul..................................... 10
2.1.2.2 HotspotCoverage ..................................... 11
2.1.2.3 DynamicCell.......................................... 12
2.2 PhysicalLayerTechnology.............................................. 13
2.2.1 Precoders/DetectorsinSingle-CellEnvironments ............. 14
2.2.1.1 TheoreticalPerformance.............................. 14
2.2.1.2 MeasurementPerformance............................ 16
2.2.1.3 SimulationResults .................................... 17
2.2.2 Precoders/DetectorsinMulti-CellEnvironments.............. 19
2.2.2.1 PilotContaminationinMulti-CellScenarios ........ 19
2.2.2.2 RemediesofPilotContamination .................... 22
vii
viii Contents
2.2.3 Non-idealFactorsLimitationofLS-MIMO.................... 24
2.2.3.1 ImperfectCSI.......................................... 25
2.2.3.2 Non-idealHardware................................... 25
2.3 NetworkingTechnology ................................................. 28
2.3.1 Inter-CellInterferenceCoordination............................ 28
2.3.1.1 HomogeneousNetworks.............................. 28
2.3.1.2 HeterogeneousNetworks ............................. 29
2.3.2 Scheduling ....................................................... 31
2.3.2.1 FullCSI-BasedScheduling........................... 31
2.3.2.2 PartialCSI-BasedScheduling ........................ 32
2.4 Summary ................................................................. 34
References...................................................................... 35
3 MassiveMIMO-AidedMillimeterCommunicationTechnology......... 39
3.1 Background............................................................... 39
3.2 DeploymentofMillimeter-WaveCommunications .................... 41
3.2.1 TypicalDeploymentScenarios.................................. 41
3.2.2 FrameStructure.................................................. 43
3.3 PhysicalLayerChallengesandSolutions............................... 44
3.3.1 CSIAcquisition.................................................. 44
3.3.1.1 PilotScarcityProblem ................................ 45
3.3.1.2 Solutions............................................... 45
3.3.2 BeamformingSchemes.......................................... 46
3.3.2.1 ProblemsofBeamforming/Precoding................ 46
3.3.2.2 Solutions............................................... 47
3.4 MACandNetworkingDesign........................................... 48
3.4.1 RoutinginMulti-HopHetSNets ................................ 48
3.4.2 AccessControlandInterferenceCoordination................. 50
3.4.3 Mm-WaveSoftcellConcept..................................... 52
3.5 PerformanceandDiscussions ........................................... 52
3.6 Summary ................................................................. 55
References...................................................................... 56
4 MassiveMIMO-AssistedEnergyTransferTechnology................... 57
4.1 Background............................................................... 57
4.2 DownlinkHybridInformationandEnergyTransfer ................... 59
4.2.1 DownlinkHIETSystemModel................................. 59
4.2.1.1 ChannelModel ........................................ 60
4.2.1.2 Transmitter............................................. 60
4.2.1.3 Receiver................................................ 61
4.2.2 PowerAllocationProblemforHIETSystems ................. 62
4.3 PowerAllocationofSingleCellScenario .............................. 62
4.3.1 PowerAllocationwithPerfectCSI ............................. 62
4.3.1.1 PowerAllocationforInformationUsers ............. 63
4.3.1.2 PowerAllocationforEnergyUsers .................. 64
4.3.1.3 TradeoffBetweenHarvestedEnergyand
InformationRate ...................................... 65
Contents ix
4.3.2 PowerAllocationwithEstimatedCSI.......................... 66
4.3.2.1 PowerAllocationforInformationUsers ............. 67
4.3.2.2 PowerAllocationforEnergyUsers .................. 67
4.3.2.3 ComparisonofTwoPilotingSchemes ............... 70
4.3.3 PerformanceEvaluation......................................... 71
4.3.3.1 InformationRate ...................................... 71
4.3.3.2 HarvestedEnergy...................................... 72
4.3.3.3 Tradeoff Between Information Rate and
HarvestedEnergy...................................... 74
4.4 CooperativeEnergyTransferofMulti-CellScenario .................. 75
4.4.1 SystemModelofCooperativeEnergyTransfer................ 76
4.4.2 CentralizedEnergyPrecoder.................................... 77
4.4.2.1 PerfectCSI............................................. 77
4.4.2.2 EstimatedCSI ......................................... 78
4.4.2.3 ComparisonBetweenNon-cooperativeand
CooperativeSchemes ................................. 79
4.4.3 DistributedEnergyPrecoder .................................... 79
4.4.3.1 LocalEnergyPrecoder................................ 80
4.4.3.2 AlgorithmDescription ................................ 82
4.4.3.3 Convergence........................................... 83
4.4.3.4 Complexity ............................................ 84
4.4.4 PerformanceEvaluation......................................... 85
4.4.4.1 ComparisonBetweenNon-cooperativeand
CooperativeSchemes ................................. 85
4.4.4.2 Comparison Between Centralized and
DistributedEnergyPrecoders......................... 86
4.5 Summary ................................................................. 87
References...................................................................... 89
5 ConclusionandOutlook...................................................... 91
5.1 Conclusion ............................................................... 91
5.2 FutureResearchDirections.............................................. 91
References...................................................................... 93