Table Of Content

MASS HOUSING MODERN ARCHITECTURE AND STATE POWER  A GLOBAL HISTORY Miles Glendinning i BLOOMSBURY VISUAL ARTS Bloomsbury Publishing Plc 50 Bedford Square, London, WC1B 3DP, UK 1385 Broadway, New York, NY 10018, USA BLOOMSBURY, BLOOMSBURY VISUAL ARTS and the Diana logo are trademarks of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc First published in Great Britain 2021 Copyright © Miles Glendinning, 2021 Miles Glendinning has asserted his right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identifi ed as Author of this work. For legal purposes the Acknowledgements on p. ix constitute an extension of this copyright page. Cover design by Namkwan cho Front cover photograph: Seismically-reinforced apartment towers at Vrbik, Zagreb, 1963–8: developed by state agency Industrogradnja and designed by architects Centar 51. Photograph © Miles Glendinning, 2019 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publishers. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc does not have any control over, or responsibility for, any third- party websites referred to or in this book. All internet addresses given in this book were correct at the time of going to press. The author and publisher regret any inconvenience caused if addresses have changed or sites have ceased to exist, but can accept no responsibility for any such changes. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. A catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN: HB: 978-1-4742-2927-2 PB: 978-1-4742-2250-1 ePDF: 978-1-4742-2929-6 eBook: 978-1-4742-2928-9 T ypeset by Refi neCatch Ltd, Bungay, Suffolk To fi nd out more about our authors and books visit www.bloomsbury.com and sign up for our newsletters. ii CONTENTS Acknowledgements vii Interviews viii Illustration Credits ix Introduction 1 Cuius regio, eius religio : the multiple modernities of housing 1 Mass housing: spearhead of radical modernization 3 Methodological challenges and constraints: balancing narrative and geography 4 Part 1 Mid-Nineteenth Century to 1945: Th e Gathering Storm 1 Pre-1914: Th e Long Mobilization 11 Mid- nineteenth-century innovators and experiments 11 Late nineteenth–early twentieth- century ideologies: public housing and arm’s- length building 16 Th e dual market: working- class tenements and middle- class apartments in North America 21 Housing and colonialism: building for rulers or the ruled? 23 Th e upsurge in emergencies: 1905–14 27 Conclusion 30 2 1914–1945: Th e Maturing of Mass Housing in the Age of Emergencies 31 Systematization and individualism: the emergence of modern mass housing 31 World War I: war socialism and rent control 32 Th e Hare and the Tortoise: municipal housing in ‘Red Vienna’ and Britain 34 Continental permutations in the 1920s 40 Totalitarian housing visions in the Great Depression 48 Democratic housing systems of the 1930s 54 Interwar Latin America and the colonies 67 World War II: the globalization of emergency 73 Part 2 1945–1989: Th e ‘Th ree Worlds’ of Postwar Mass Housing 3 Postwar Mass Housing: An Introductory Overview 81 First World, Second World, Th ird World 83 International modernism: from global to local 86 4 Housing by Authority: Postwar State Interventions in the ‘Anglosphere’ 92 Red scares, race scares: the brief heyday and long retreat of US public housing 93 New York City: the monumental exception 97 Local trajectories of renewal and decline 107 Canada: government intervention and the revival of renting 116 iii Contents ‘Big Daddy’ and mass housing in Metro Toronto 119 New Zealand and Australia 125 Commonwealth and states: the CSHA 128 High fl ats and slum reclamation in Victoria and New South Wales 130 5 Council Powers: Postwar Public Housing in Britain and Ireland 141 Central and municipal 141 Postwar housing design in England 143 Slum clearance, planning and the ‘land- trap’ 147 Financing and organizing high fl ats in the 1960s 152 London and the English cities 153 Scotland’s housing blitzkrieg: the legacy of ‘Red Clydeside’ 161 Island diversity: Ireland and the Channel Islands 164 6 France: Th e Trente Glorieuses of Mass Housing 170 1945–55: a hesitant revival 170 SCIC, SCET and the é tat planifi cateur 173 ‘Le hard french’: the housing legacy of Perret 176 1955–75: ‘grands ensembles’ and the industrialization of national grandeur 180 7 Th e Low Countries: Pillars of Modern Mass Housing 194 Socialist skyscrapers versus Catholic cottages: postwar housing in Belgium 194 Th e Netherlands: planned housing and ‘polder politics’ 200 Standardization and galerijbouw : postwar Dutch housing design 206 8 Stability and Continuity: West Germany and the Alpine Countries 215 Tenure- neutral building in Switzerland and Austria 215 West Germany: the housing of s oziale Marktwirtschaft 223 ‘Wohnungen, Wohnungen und nochmals Wohnungen’: Neue Heimat and 1950s–1970s production 225 9 Th e Nordic Countries: Social versus Individual? 239 Building the ‘folkhem’: housing and Social Democracy in Sweden 239 Denmark: modernization through quiet quality 250 Finland, Norway and Iceland: mass housing for the individual 259 10 Southern Europe: Social Housing for Kinship Societies 268 Th e progressive South: postwar housing in Italy and Malta 268 INA-Casa: the Christian Democratic housing vision 270 Left Turn? 1960s–1970s ‘comprehensive’ planning in Italy 281 Th e conservative South: postwar housing in Spain, Portugal, Greece and Turkey 288 Conclusion: First World housing in summary 297 11 Th e USSR: Developed Socialism and Extensive Urbanism 298 ‘Quickly, cheaply and well’: Soviet housing under Khrushchev and Brezhnev 299 Th e curate’s egg: national and local housing production in the postwar Soviet Union 300 Order out of chaos? Central and private- sector initiatives 304 Monumentality and space in postwar Soviet housing 306 SNiP and DSK: standardization and industrialization 310 iv Contents Taming the colossus: towards ‘complexity’ and ‘fl exibility’ 320 A brotherly mosaic: regionalist housing in the USSR 328 Tashkent: model Soviet city 333 Soviet housing in the p erestroika years 338 12 A Quarrelsome Family: Th e European Socialist States 342 Th e satellite bloc: dissidence and decomposition 342 Th e diversity of socialist standardization 350 Socialist outliers: European divergences from the Soviet model 360 Th e ‘Ongoing Revolution’: self- management and monumentality in Yugoslavia 367 Novi Beograd: epicentre of decentralism 372 Late socialist cluster- developments across the Yugoslav republics 376 13 Socialist Eastern Asia: Mass Housing and the Sino-Soviet Split 383 Danwei: fragmentation and austerity in Chinese socialist housing 383 From the Great Leap Forward to the Cultural Revolution: austerity and anarchy 390 ‘Soviet’ Asia: mass housing in Mongolia and North Vietnam 397 Building at ‘Pyongyang speed’: housing in Juche Korea 399 Conclusion: Second World housing in summary 402 14 Latin America: Chameleon Continent 404 Mass housing and the politics of charismatic leadership, 1945–64 405 Housing as social security: pre-1964 Brazil 415 1960s Cold-War housing politics in Latin America 426 Order and progress? Post-1964 housing in Brazil, Argentina and Chile 432 15 Echoes of Empire: Postwar Housing in the Middle East, South Asia and Africa 441 Th e Middle East: decolonization and development 442 Israel: creating a ‘new geography’ through public housing 448 India and South Asia: building on colonial bureaucracy 455 Capital colonies: post- independence Delhi 456 Bombay/Mumbai and MHADA: pressure- cooker building 458 Sub-Saharan Africa: colonialism’s last stand 461 ‘Progressive’ housing decolonization in Francophone Africa 465 Divide and rule? Segregation and mass housing in ‘British’ Africa 468 South Africa: segregated housing in a siege society 473 Conclusion 478 16 From Th ird World to First World: Mass Housing in Capitalist Eastern Asia 479 Towards the developmental state: postwar housing in Japan 481 Housing the ‘Asian Tigers’ 487 ‘Housing Gangnam- style’: South Korea’s tanji revolution 490 Hong Kong and Singapore: a study in sibling rivalry 501 Shek Kip Mei and Bukit Ho Swee: from resettlement to home- ownership 503 Race to the Top: HDB and HKHA architecture 513 First cousin: Macau 518 Conclusion 522 v Contents Part 3 1989 to the Present: Retrenchment and Renewal 17 Resilience and Renewal: Mass Housing into the Twenty- fi rst Century 525 Introduction 525 Th e aft ermath: mass housing at bay in the former First and Second Worlds 525 Residual mass housing in the Global South 530 18 Race to the Top: Th e New Asian Developmentalism 532 TOKi and AKP Turkey 532 Developmental Eastern Asia into the twenty- fi rst century 534 Building for the ‘Mass Line’: social housing in twenty- fi rst-century China 539 19 Conclusion: Global and National, Idealism and Realpolitik 550 Notes 554 Bibliography 631 Index 641 vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Grateful thanks are due to the following for help, advice and support in the preparation of this book: Rosa Aboy; Changmo Ahn; Yael Allweil; Asseel Al-Ragam; Pé t ur Á r mansson; Shukur Askarov; Kat Atkinson; Kerstin Barup; Melinda Benkő ; Ö z gü r Bingö l ; Johanna Blokker; Ian Bowman; Noni Boyd; Anna Bronovitskaya; Nick Bullock; Sofi e de Caigny; Stephen Cairns; Gaia Caramellino; Moa Carlsson; Jiat-Hwee Chang; Rachel Collie; Tanja Conley; Louise Cox; Ellen Creighton; Rory Dack; Madhav Deobakhta; Filippo De Pieri; Mohit Dhingra; Lynne Di Stefano; Andrew Dolkart; Marija Dr ė mait ė ; Micha ł Duda; Helka Dzsacsovszki; Caroline Engel; Alistair Fair; Zara Ferreira; Donatella Fiorino; Chris Gabriel; Inbal Ben Asher Gitler; Isla Glendinning; Jacqui Goddard; Hannia Gomez; Javier Sanchez Gomez; Luciana Gotta; John Grindrod; Sigur ð ur Guð m undsson; Maren Harnack; Alison, Amy-Felicity, Kitty, Margaret and Sali Horsey; Eoghan Howard; Jelena Ivanović ; Haim Jacobi; Jane Jacobs; A K Jain; Jelica Jovanović ; Mart Kalm; Shraddha Karkar; Jonghun Kim; Joonwoo Kim; Victoria Kolankiewicz; Marieke Kuipers; Andres Kurg; Johan Lagae; Siri Skjold Lexau; Rui Leao; Priyanka Lele; Hannah Lewi; Li Yuechuan; Jorge Lizardi; Cameron Logan; Lucas Longoni; Aonghus MacKechnie; Flora Manteola; Renee Martin; Ó l afur Mathiesen; Dawn McDowell; Christopher Metz; Philipp Meuser; Anthony Mitchell; Giuseppina Monni; Henrieta Morav č í kov á ; Nicolas Moulin; Kasia Murawska; Micha ł Murawski; Stefan Muthesius; Ni Zixuan; David Nichols; Rexford Oppong; Aylin Orba ş l ı ; Annunziata Maria Oteri; Hongbin Ouyang; Andrea Pane; Michael Passmore; Nina Petrovna; Elisa Pilia; Monica Platzer; Grethe Pontoppidan; Carmen Popescu; Uta Pottgiesser; Caterina Quaglio; Stephanie Quantin-Biancalani; Paul Quigley; Carolina Quiroga; Anne Raines; Katie Rice; Svava Riesto; Kristina Rimkute; Pá l Ritook; Lou Rosenburg; Indr ė Ruseckait ė ; Danny and Noah Saleeb; Victoria Sanchez; Ruth Schl ö gl; Ben Schrader; Gaurav Sharma; Robin Skinner; Kuba Snopek; Martin S ø berg; Marko Spiki ć ; Giovanni Spizuoco; Vitaly Stadnikov; Lukasz Stanek; Graeme Stewart; Ruxandra Stoica; Iva Stojanović ; Sun Yumeng; Jó n Rú n ar Sveinsson; Poul Sverrild; Mark Swenarton; Reina Takagawa; Ian Tan; Sophie Tann; Dave Taylor; James Th ompson; Ana Tostoes; Anastasios Tsakanas; Irina Tulbure; Maria Tzeli; Ola Uduku; Florian Urban; Lawrence Vale; Karina Van Herck; Julian Varas; Kaja L. Vehovar; Luc Verpoest; Mitali Vij; Rosman Wai; R é mi Wang; Pauline Ward; Diane Watters; Ola Wedebrunn; Ameya Welling; Richard Williams; Anna Wojtun; Michael Wright; Wu Yao; Lokman and Selcen Yalcin; Yen Hsin-Yi; Dimitrij Zadorin; Ana Maria Zahariade; Kimberly Zarecor; Federico Zavala; Zhao Xiaofeng; Zhu Rong. vii INTERVIEWS Th e book benefi ted from a wide range of historical recollection interviews with key political and administrative fi gures, and architects and planners, involved with mass housing in various countries and during various periods. Th ese were carried out both during the immediate period of preparation of this book, and in 1987–9 as part of the research for the 1994 book, T ower Block (with Stefan Muthesius). Th e interviewees comprised the following (1980s interviewees in italics) : Sir David Akers-Jones; Genovaitė Bal ė nien ė ; A. W. Cleeve Barr ; Ram ū nas Beinortas; G eorge Bowie; Dmitri Bruns; Harold Buteux ; Kenneth Campbell ; Sigitas Č ere š kevi č ius; Ken Cheung; Oliver Cox ; John Darbourne ; Lady Evelyn Denington ; A. G. Sheppard Fidler ; Reg Freeson; Ada Fung; Fung Tung; Chris Gabriel; Sadie Gibson ; Andrew Gilmour ; Sir Robert Grieve ; Elizabeth Gullick; Ted Hollamby; A. K. Jain; Lord Joseph ; Lord Kennet ; Alf King; Denis Ko ; Gennadi Ivanovich Korobovtsev; Harold Lambert ; John Lambon; S ir Denys Lasdun ; Robert Lennox ; H. J. Whitfi eld Lewis; Donald Liao; Arthur Ling; Liu Th ai-Ker; Berthold Lubetkin ; J. Dickson Mabon ; Lada Markejevait ė ; P ercy Johnson Marshall ; Sir Leslie Martin ; Darko and Milena Marusi ć ; Č eslovas Maz ū ras; Lord Mellish ; Tony Miller; John Ng; J. A. Oliver ; John Partridge; Nina Petrovna; Stephen Poon; Mart Port; S ir Philip Powell ; John and Margaret Richards; Martin Richardson; Konrad Smigielski ; Ivor Smith ; T. Dan Smith ; Alison Smithson ; Eric Smythe ; Rosemary Stjernstedt ; J ó n R ú nar Sveinsson; Rosman Wai; Rosanna Wong; Michael Wright. viii ILLUSTRATION CREDITS Th e images, and their captions, are intended to provide much of the book’s specifi cally architectural-historical information. Th e captions include, where possible, the dates of housing schemes, and the names of their commissioning authorities and designers. Bracketed dates at the end of captions denote recent fi eld survey photos taken by the author (marked ‘MG’) or by others. Although every eff ort has been made to trace and contact copyright holders, this has not been possible in every case: we apologise for any that have been omitted. Should the copyright holders wish to contact us aft er publication, we will be happy to include an acknowledgement in subsequent reprints. ACER Bologna Photo Archive (all rights reserved) 10.6f Adkins & Associates, Pittsburgh 4.9a Africa Archive (Belgian Ministry of Foreign Aff airs) 15.10a, b, c Huguette Akpou é 15.10g Alexander Turnbull Library/National Library of New Zealand 2.13d Almomento Mexico 14.9g Asseel Al-Ragam 15.1b, c American Institute of Architects 2.12d; 4.3b, c Amsterdam City Council 7.6c, 7.7bArchives de Strasbourg (632 W 1 – drawing by Gustave Stoskopf) 6.3h Archives du Comit é centrale du Lignon 8.2e Arquivo Nacional (Brazil) 14.5b, c; 14.7a; 14.11b Arquivo Publico do Distrito Federal 14.7b, c, d, e Balency et Schuhl 6.3d C á mara Argentina de la Construcci ó n 14.11e Cement Concrete & Aggregates Australia 4.19f, h China Pictorial 13.1a City of Espoo 9.10d CLEAN Edizioni 10.7b COHAB-SP 14.11c Creaphis Editions 12.3a Department of Human Services, Victoria 4.16c; 4.17a Design & Artists Copyright Society 2.1b; 6.2c Dietz Verlag 12.5b DOCOMOMO-Venezuela 14.9c, d, e, f Andrew Dolkart 2.11g Enfi eld Local Studies & Archive 5.1a; 5.6c Expressen 9.5c Alistair Fair 5.4a FGV CPDOC 14.11a Flanders Heritage Agency 7.3e ix