Mass Dictatorship and Memory as Ever Present Past PDF
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Mass Dictatorship and Memory as Ever Present Past Mass Dictatorship in the 20th Century Series Editor: Jie-Hyun Lim, Professor of History and Director of the Research Institute of Comparative History and Culture, Hanyang University, Seoul. ‘Mass dictatorship’ addresses the (self-) mobilization of ‘the masses’ in and for twentieth- century dictatorships. In contrast to pre-modern despotism, mass dictatorship depends upon its ability to entice and employ multiple forms of active participation of the many. By appropriating modern statecraft, a ‘dictatorship from above’ transforms itself into a ‘dictatorship from below’ - a practice of rule that builds upon people´s sustained cooperation. This series contributes to the understanding of popular dictatorships in the twentieth century by interrogating their conjunctures from a transnational perspective. This transnational angle reveals that the dualist perception of a few evil perpetrators (the dictator and his cronies) versus many innocent victims (the people), inherent in both the totalitarian and Marxist models, does not stand up to historical scrutiny. Replacing the Manichean presentism of Cold War paradigms, Mass Dictatorship in the 20th Century will explore ‘gender politics’, ‘modernity’, ‘everyday lives’ and ‘coming to terms with the past’. Building on a series of international conferences organized by the Research Institute of Comparative History and Culture at Hanyang University, Seoul between 2003 and 2008, these books explore not only the pre-WWII dictatorships (e.g. Fascism, Nazism, Stalinism and Japanese colonialism) but post-WWII dictatorial regimes as well, including communist and post-colonial versions of ‘development dictatorships’ in Europe, Asia, and Africa. Titles include: Jie-Hyun Lim and Karen Petrone (editors) GENDER POLITICS AND MASS DICTATORSHIP Global Perspectives Jie-Hyun Lim, Barbara Walker, and Peter Lambert (editors) MASS DICTATORSHIP AND MEMORY AS EVER PRESENT PAST Michael Kim, Michael Schoenhals, and Yong-Woo Kim (editors) MASS DICTATORSHIP AND MODERNITY Alf Lüedtke (editor) EVERYDAY LIFE IN MASS DICTATORSHIPS Collusion and Evasion Michael Schoenhals and Karin Sarsenov (editors) IMAGINING MASS DICTATORSHIPS The Individual and the Masses in Literature and Cinema Mass Dictatorship in the 20th Century Series Standing Order ISBN 978–0–230–30072–9 (Hardback) 978–0–230–30073–6 (Paperback) (outside North America only) You can receive future titles in this series as they are published by placing a standing order. Please contact your bookseller or, in case of difficulty, write to us at the address below with your name and address, the title of the series and the ISBN quoted above. Customer Services Department, Macmillan Distribution Ltd, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS, England Mass Dictatorship and Memory as Ever Present Past Edited by Jie- Hyun Lim Professor of History and Director, Research Institute of Comparative History and Culture, Hanyang University, Seoul Barbara Walker Associate P rofessor of History, University of Nevada, Reno and Peter Lambert Lecturer in Modern European History, Aberystwyth University Editorial matter and selection © Jie-H yun Lim, Barbara Walker and Peter Lambert 2014 All remaining chapters © their respective authors 2014 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2014 978-1-137-28982-7 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, LondonEC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2014 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY10010. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-45031-2 ISBN 978-1-137-28983-4 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9781137289834 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. Typeset by MPS Limited, Chennai, India. Contents List of Illustrations vii Acknowledgements viii Notes on Contributors ix 1 Introduction: Coming to Terms with the Past of Mass Dictatorship 1 Jie-Hyun Lim and Peter Lambert Part I Entangled Memory and Comparative History 2 The Predicaments of Culture: War, Dictatorship and Modernity in Early Post- W ar West Germany and Japan 17 Sebastian Conrad 3 Victimhood Nationalism in the Memory of Mass Dictatorship 36 Jie- H yun Lim 4 Creating a Victimised Nation: The Politics of the Austrian People’s Courts and High Treason 62 Hiroko Mizuno Part II The Dialectical Interplay of History and Memory 5 Ukraine Faces Its Soviet Past: History versus Policy versus Memory 87 Volodymyr V. Kravchenko 6 History and Responsibility: On the Debates on the Shoˉwa History 120 Naoki Sakai 7 Widukind or Karl der Große? Perspectives on Historical Culture and Memory in the Third Reich and Post- War West Germany 139 Peter Lambert v vi Contents Part III Pluralizing Memories: Fragmented, Contested, Resisted 8 The Suppression and Recall of Colonial Memory: Manchukuo and the Cold War in the Two Koreas 165 Suk- J ung Han 9 Accomplices of Violence: Guilt and Purification through Altruism among the Moscow Human Rights Activists of the 1960s and 1970s 180 Barbara Walker 10 Consuming Fragments of Mao Zedong: The Chairman’s Final Two Decades at the Helm 204 Michael Schoenhals 11 The Lived Space of Recollection: How Holocaust Memorials are Conceived Differently Today 223 Jörg H. Gleiter Index 240 List of Illustrations 11.1 Memorial against Fascism, War and Violence – and For Peace and Human Rights by Ester Shalev- Gerz and Jochen Gerz, Hamburg- H arburg 1988–1993 224 11.2 Monument: Places of Remembrance by Frieder Schnock and Renata Stih, Berlin 1993 225 11.3 Monument: Places of Remembrance by Frieder Schnock and Renata Stih, Berlin 1993 226 11.4 Monument: Places of Remembrance by Frieder Schnock and Renata Stih, Berlin 1993 227 11.5 Monument: Places of Remembrance by Frieder Schnock and Renata Stih, Berlin 1993 227 11.6 Monument: Places of Remembrance by Frieder Schnock and Renata Stih, Berlin 1993 228 11.7 Monument: Places of Remembrance by Frieder Schnock and Renata Stih, Berlin 1993 229 11.8 Stumbling Blocks by Gunter Demnig, Berlin 230 11.9 Memorial for the Jewish Deportees by Peter Herbich, Theseus Bappert and Jürgen Wenzel, Berlin 1988 231 11.10 Memorial for the Jewish Deportees by Peter Herbich, Theseus Bappert and Jürgen Wenzel, Berlin 1988 232 vii Acknowledgements This book, the third volume of the Mass Dictatorship series, owes its writing to the ‘Mass Dictatorship as Ever Present Past’ conference hosted by Jie- Hyun Lim at Hanyang University between 27 June 2008 and 29 June 2008. Focusing on the politics and remembrances of and under mass dictatorship, the conference was designed as the culmina- tion of six consecutive ‘Mass Dictatorship’ conferences organised by the Research Institute of Comparative History (RICH) between 2003 and 2008. ‘Global Perspectives on the Study of Dictatorship from Below’ was the underlying theme of the Mass Dictatorship Project, and this volume is no exception. Most of the contributions to this volume were presented as papers at the conference and are the products of the lively discussions that took place there. I am grateful to the National Research Foundation in Korea, which funded the Mass Dictatorship Project for six years. I would also like to thank my co- e ditors, Barbara Walker and Peter Lambert. Many of the contributions to this volume were penned by authors from the non- English speaking world, and I am very grateful to Barbara and Peter for their scholarly expertise and painstaking editorial work in producing this collected work. I am particularly indebted to this volume’s copy- editor, Jenny Wang Medina, for finalising the manuscript with great professionalism and keen scholarly eyes. I would also like to express my very special thanks to Jenny McCall and Holly Tyler at Palgrave for their professional support and kind concern. Last but not least, I would like to thank all of the participants in the Mass Dictatorship Project from various corners of the world and the project researchers, fellows and staff at RICH. I have had the utmost privilege of spending six years on the Mass Dictatorship Project with all of them. Finally, I must confess that the extraordinary experience of living through dictatorships of both rightist and leftist camps on the Korean peninsula and in the People’s Poland was the inspiring and driving force of the Mass Dictatorship Project. I hope that the five volumes of the Mass Dictatorship series will provide scholarly empathy to all those people who suffered and are still suffering from the dictatorial past and present. Jie- Hyun Lim, Seoul, 2013 viii Notes on Contributors Sebastian Conrad holds the chair of Modern History at Freie Universität Berlin where he has taught since 2010. He is interested in issues of colonial and postcolonial history, transnationalism and global his- tory, and directs the MA programme in Global History (a joint degree programme of Freie Universität and Humboldt Universität, Berlin). He has taught at the European University Institute in Florence and was a visiting professor at the École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales in Paris. Most recently he published ‘Enlightenment in Global History: A Historiographical Critique’, American Historical Review vol. 117 (2012), 999–1027. He is the author of German Colonialism: A Short History (Cambridge University Press, 2012); Globalisation and the Nation in Imperial Germany (Cambridge University Press, 2010) and The Quest for the Lost Nation: Writing History in Germany and Japan in the American Century (California University Press, 2010). Jörg H. Gleiter (*1960, Prof. Dr.- Ing. habil., M. S.) is an architect and chair of architectural theory at the Berlin Institute of Technology (TU Berlin). He has studied architecture in Berlin (TU Berlin, Dipl.- I ng. 1989), IUAV (Istituto Universitario di architettura di Venezia) and Columbia University in New York (M.S. in Advanced Architectural Design, 1992). He holds a Ph.D. in architectural theory (2002) and a habilitation in philosophy of architecture (2007), both from Bauhaus- Universität Weimar. In 2003 and 2008, he was a fellow in residence at Kolleg Friedrich Nietzsche in Weimar. He held positions as a professor of aesthetics at Free University of Bozen- Bolzano in Italy (2005–2012), as deputy professor of Design and architectural theory at Bauhaus- Universität Weimar (2005–2007), as visiting professor of philosophy of architecture at Waseda University in Tokyo (2003–2005), and as visiting professor at Venice International University in Venice (2003). In 2008, he founded the book series ArchitekturDenken. Among his books on architectural theory and aesthetics are Ornament Today: Digital, Material, Structural (ed., Bozen- Bolzano, 2012, in English); Urgeschichte der Moderne (Prehistory of Modernity) (Bielefeld, 2010); Der philosophische Flaneur. Nietzsche und die Architektur (The Philosophical Flaneur – Nietzsche and Architecture) (Würzburg, 2009); Architekturtheorie heute (Architecture Theory Today) (Bielefeld, 2008). www.architekturtheorie.tu-b erlin.de. ix
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