Mass and Energy Balances: Basic Principles for Calculation, Design, and Optimization of Macro/Nano Systems

276 Pages·2018·6.601 MB·English

by  Seyed Ali Ashrafizadeh,Zhongchao Tan (auth.)

Mechanical Engineering Series
Seyed Ali Ashrafi zadeh
Zhongchao Tan
Mass and
Energy
Balances
Basic Principles for Calculation, Design,
and Optimization of Macro/Nano
Systems
Mechanical Engineering Series
SeriesEditor
FrancisA.Kulacki
DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering
UniversityofMinnesota
Minneapolis,Minnesota,USA
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Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttp://www.springer.com/series/1161
Seyed Ali Ashrafizadeh • Zhongchao Tan
Mass and Energy Balances
Basic Principles for Calculation, Design,
and Optimization of Macro/Nano Systems
SeyedAliAshrafizadeh ZhongchaoTan
DepartmentofMechanical& DepartmentofMechanical&
MechatronicsEngineering MechatronicsEngineering
UniversityofWaterloo UniversityofWaterloo
Waterloo,ON,Canada Waterloo,ON,Canada
ISSN0941-5122 ISSN2192-063X (electronic)
MechanicalEngineeringSeries
ISBN978-3-319-72289-4 ISBN978-3-319-72290-0 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72290-0
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2017961509
©SpringerInternationalPublishingAG2018
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Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland
This book is dedicated to my wife, Farnaz.
Her support, encouragement, and constant
love have sustained me throughout my life.
S. Ali Ashrafizadeh
To my family and students.
Zhongchao Tan
Preface
Massandenergybalance(MEB)analysesarethefirststepsinthecalculationsfor
anengineeringprocess.Theyareusefultoolsforchemical,mechanical,energy,and
environmentengineers.Engineerswillhaveabetterunderstandingoftheprinciples
ofthermodynamicswhentheyhaveagoodperceptionofMEB.MEBisattheroots
oftheimportantissuessuchasprocessdesignandsystemoptimization.Inreality,
we do see a large number of engineeringgraduates who have many difficulties in
thisregard.
Although this book aims at undergraduate students in the engineering fields
mentioned above, it can also be used by professionals with similar training back-
grounds. With about 15 years of teaching experience, we decided to publish this
work so thatit can reach morepeoplein the world. In this book,we have tried to
explain the materials in a simple way, and the practice problems are solved by
relativelynewtechniquesthanmanyexistingreferences.
Following a brief introduction to basic concepts, Chaps. 1 and 2 present the
general and important physical properties that are needed for MEB calculations.
Chapter3containsbasicmaterialsinmassbalancecalculations.Sincethefluidsand
their states play an important role on energy balances, information and equations
for fluids are presented in Chap. 4. Energy balance principles are presented in
Chap. 5. Chapter 6 focuses on the simultaneous calculation of energy and mass
balances,whichfindsmanyapplicationsinindustries.
Chapter 7 is devoted to nanotechnology-related subjects. It aims to provide a
state-of-the-artliteraturereviewinmassandenergybalancesfornanoparticlesand
nanoscalethermodynamics.Duetothecomplexityofthermodynamicpropertiesof
nanoparticles, some thermodynamic methods are introduced to mass and energy
balancessothatcalculationscanbecarriedoutmoreeasily.
Waterloo,ON,Canada SeyedAliAshrafizadeh
ZhongchaoTan
vii
Contents
1 IntroductionandBasicConcepts.. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. 1
1.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 PhysicalQuantitiesandUnits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 ConversionofUnits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.4 UnitsforMassandEnergyBalances. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.4.1 MassUnitDefinition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.4.2 UnitsofEnergy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.5 PracticalMathematicsinEngineeringCalculations. . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.5.1 WriteNumbersinScientificNotation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.5.2 RoundingNumbers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.5.3 DataAverageandCurveFitting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.5.4 LinearInterpolationandExtrapolation. . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.5.5 NonlinearAlgebraicEquations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.5.6 SystemofEquations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.6 PracticeProblems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
ReferencesandFurtherReadings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2 ProcessandProcessVariables. .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . . .. 19
2.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.2 FromLaboratorytoIndustry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.3 Mole. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.4 AtomicWeightandMolecularWeight. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.5 Density.. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. 23
2.6 SpecificGravity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.7 SpecificVolume. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.8 FlowRates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.9 FractionofaCompoundinaMixture. .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . . 28
2.10 Concentration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.11 IntensiveandExtensiveProperties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.12 Temperature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
ix
x Contents
2.13 Pressure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
2.14 Stoichiometry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
2.14.1 DegreeofCompletion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
2.14.2 OtherTerminologies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
2.15 ClassificationofProcesses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
2.16 PracticeProblems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
ReferencesandFurtherReadings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
3 MassBalance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
3.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
3.2 BasicConcepts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
3.3 MaterialBalancesWithoutReaction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
3.4 MassBalanceofaChemicalSystem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
3.5 CombustionSystem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
3.6 Distillation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
3.7 Recycle,Bypass,andPurge. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
3.8 PracticeProblems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
ReferencesandFurtherReadings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
4 BasicFluidProperties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
4.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
4.2 IdealGases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
4.3 SpecificGravityofIdealGas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
4.4 IdealGasMixtures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
4.4.1 PartialPressure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
4.4.2 Dalton’sLaw. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
4.4.3 Amagat’sLaw. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
4.5 RealGases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
4.6 ThermodynamicStatesofPureSubstance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
4.6.1 ThermodynamicTablesandGraphs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
4.6.2 VaporPressure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
4.6.3 BoilingPoint. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
4.6.4 StructureofSaturationTables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
4.6.5 Two-PhaseSystemProperties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
4.7 GeneralizedEquationofRealGases. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . . 104
4.8 RealGasMixture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
4.8.1 EmpiricalEquationsofStateofGas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
4.8.2 EmpiricalEquationwithMean
ConstantCoefficientforMixture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
4.8.3 MeanCompressibilityFactor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
4.8.4 PseudocriticalProperties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
4.9 EquilibriuminMultiphasesSystem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
4.9.1 CalculationofVaporPressure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
4.9.2 EquilibriumbetweenSingleLiquid
andSingleVapor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Contents xi
4.9.3 Single-LiquidTwo-VaporSystematEquilibrium. . . . . . 115
4.9.4 Two-LiquidTwo-VaporSystematEquilibrium. . . . . . . 120
4.10 PracticeProblems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
ReferencesandFurtherReadings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
5 EnergyBalance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
5.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
5.2 Energy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
5.2.1 Work. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
5.2.2 HeatTransfer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
5.2.3 KineticEnergy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
5.2.4 PotentialEnergy.. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. 130
5.2.5 InternalEnergy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
5.3 FirstLawofThermodynamics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
5.4 EnthalpyCalculation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
5.5 EnergyBalancesforProcesseswithPhaseChange. . . . . . . . . . . 146
5.6 EnergyBalanceforProcesseswithChemicalReactions. . . . . . . 148
5.7 TemperatureEffectonHeatofReaction. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. 149
5.8 HeatingValueofFuels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
5.9 AdiabaticTemperatureofReactions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
5.10 PracticeProblems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
ReferencesandFurtherReadings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
6 SimultaneousMassandEnergyBalances. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
6.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
6.2 AnalyticalApproachestoEnergyandMassBalances. . . . . . . . . 159
6.3 HeatofMixing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
6.4 GraphicalApproachtoEnergyandMassBalances. . . . . . . . . . . 167
6.5 PsychrometricChartforMaterialandEnergyBalances. . . . . . . . 168
6.6 PracticeProblems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
ReferencesandFurtherReadings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
7 MassandEnergyBalancesforSystemswithNanoparticles. . . . . . . 179
7.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
7.2 TheSecondLawofThermodynamics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
7.3 EntropyConceptandCalculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
7.4 AvailableEnergyandExergy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
7.5 Nanoparticles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
ReferencesandFurtherReadings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
APPENDICES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
AppendixA:ConversionFactors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
AppendixB:AtomicWeightsandNumbers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225