Marxism, Fascism, and Totalitarianism PDF
Preview Marxism, Fascism, and Totalitarianism
MARXISM, FASCISM, AND TOTALITARIANISM Marx m, Fasc m, ] ] and Totalitarian ]m chapters in the intellectual history of radicalism A. James Gregor stanford university press Stanford, California 2009 Stanford University Press Stanford, California ©2009 by the Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system without the prior written permission of Stanford University Press. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Gregor, A. James (Anthony James). Marxism, fascism, and totalitarianism : chapters in the intellectual history of radicalism / A. James Gregor. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. isbn 978-0-8047-6033-1 (cloth : alk. paper)— isbn 978-0-8047-6034-8 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Totalitarianism—History—20th century. 2. Communism— Europe—History—20th century. 3. Fascism—Europe—History— 20th century. I. Title. jc480.g74 2009 320.53094—dc22 2008022443 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free, archival-quality paper Typeset at Stanford University Press in 10/13 Galliard This work is dedicated to Renzo Morera, and all those like him, who paid with courage and dignity the price of the twentieth century. Acknowledgments The author of any book owes an incalculable debt to an inordinate number of persons who have consciously or unconsciously, willingly or unwillingly, assisted in its production. In terms of the assistance I have received over a lifetime, I have been particularly blessed. I have lived long enough, and been given sufficient opportunity, to have spoken with some of the principal protagonists in the story before the reader. Sidney Hook was exceedingly kind to me. He spoke of the ideological disputes that characterized his rela- tionship with some of the major Marxist theoreticians he knew. Giuseppe Prezzolini told me of his experiences with the early syndicalists and the first Fascists. He spoke of his exchanges with the young Benito Mussolini, long before Mussolini was master of Italy. And there have been professors, Rus- sian, Italian, and German, who remembered times, long before the Second World War, when all the issues, joined in the account before the reader, were still current—and moved persons to political action. To Dr. Renzo Morera, I am grateful for the account of his life, which, to me, conveys something of the dignity and honor with which many paid the price exacted by the political ideologies to which this book is dedicated. The ideologies of the twentieth century made very serious demands on those over whom they exercised influence. To all those good people, staff and students, who assist all the faculty members of all the universities where I have been fortunate enough to prac- tice my profession—I wish to extend my heartfelt thanks. To the editors of scholarly books—particularly Mr. Norris Pope of Stanford University Press on this occasion—I am more than grateful. It is they who make possible the free flow of ideas in an environment where that flow is essential. viii Acknowledgments To my wife and sure companion, Professor Maria Hsia Chang, and to all those loving creatures with whom she has surrounded us—my unquali- fied gratitude. By her example, she has taught me to write with more clarity than otherwise would have been the case. I wish to publicly acknowledge my gratitude to all these persons. They are responsible for anything that may be good in the work before the read- er—I am solely responsible for anything that is not. A. James Gregor Berkeley, California Contents Preface xi 1. Introduction 1 2. The Roots of Revolutionary Ideology 21 3. The Heterodox Marxism of Ludwig Woltmann 49 4. The Heterodox Marxism of Georges Sorel 77 5. The Heterodox Marxism of V. I. Lenin 102 6. The Heterodox Marxism of Benito Mussolini 136 7. The National Question and Marxist Orthodoxy 161 8. Revolutionary Syndicalism and Nationalism 189 9. The Great War and the Response of Revolutionary Marxists 215 10. The Great War, Revolution, and Leninism 243 11. The Great War, Revolution, and Fascism 272 12. Conclusions 294 Notes 319 Index 385
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