Marxism and Psychology

140 Pages·2011·13.32 MB·English

ANNUAL REVIEW OF CRITICAL PSYCHOLOGY
ARCP 9
MARXISM AND PSYCHOLOGY
editor Michael Arfken
2
Managing Editor
Ian Parker
Editorial Board International Advisory Board
Alexandra Zavos, Athens, Greece Andrew Lock, Auckland, New Zealand
Alex Bridger, Huddersfield, England Bernardo Jiménez-Domínguez, Guadalajara, Mexico
Angel Gordo López, Madrid, Spain Conceição da Nogueira, Braga, Portugal
Babak Fozooni, London, England Dennis Fox, Springfield MA, United States
Brenda Goldberg, Manchester, England Don Foster, Cape Town, South Africa
Calum Neill, Edinburgh, Scotland Eero Riikonen, Helsinki, Finland
Christian Ingo Lenz Dunker, Sao Paulo, Brasil Esther Wiesenfeld, Caracas, Venezuela
Christian Yavorsky, New York, USA Euclides Sanchez, Caracas, Venezuela
Colleen Heenan, Leeds, England Gill Straker, Sydney, Australia
Dan Heggs, Cardiff, Wales Grahame Hayes, Durban, South Africa
David Harper, London, England Hanne Haavind, Oslo, Norway
Deborah Marks, Leeds, England Ignacio Dobles, Oropeza San José, Costa Rica
Diane Burns, Sheffield, England Isaac Prilleltensky, Florida, USA
Elliot Cohen, Leeds, England Ivan Ivic, Belgrade, Serbia
Erica Burman, Manchester, England Jill Bradbury, Durban, South Africa
Eugenie Georgaca, Thessaloniki, Greece Joe Whittaker, Bolton, England
Gill Aitken, Salford, England Kevin Kelly, Rhodes, South Africa
Gill Craig, London, England Lois Holzman, New York, United States
Haim Weinberg, San Diego, USA Maritza Montero, Caracas, Venezuela
Helen Spandler, Preston, England Martha Augoustinos, Adelaide, Australia
Ian Law, Adelaide, Australia Michael Billig, Loughborough, England
Ilana Mountian, Manchester, England Morten Nissen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Ingrid Palmary, Johannesburg, South Africa Ole Dreier, Copenhagen, Denmark
Jane Callaghan, Northampton, England Pablo Fernandez-Christlieb, Mexico City, Mexico
Jude Clark, Durban, South Africa Ron Coleman, Glasgow, Scotland
Karen Ciclitira, London, England Sara Vataja, Helsinki, Finland
Ken McLaughlin, Manchester, England Tod Sloan, Tulsa, USA
Mihalis Mentinis, Caracol de Oventic, Chiapas, Mexico Tomás Ibáñez, Barcelona, Catalunya
Pam Alldred, London, England Ute Osterkamp, Berlin, Germany
Pauline Mottram, Liverpool, England Valerie Walkerdine, Cardiff, Wales
Rob Evans, Birmingham, England Wendy Stainton Rogers, Milton Keynes, England
Rose Capdevila, Milton Keynes, England Wolfgang Maiers, Berlin, Germany
Sam Warner, Manchester, England
Tom Billington, Sheffield, England
Vera Marten, Manchester, England
ANNUAL REVIEW OF CRITICAL PSYCHOLOGY
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Annual Review of
Critical Psychology
Issue 9
Marxism and Psychology
Editor Michael Arfken
www.discourseunit.com
SPECIAL ISSUE: MARXISM AND PSYCHOLOGY
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
table of contents
Introduction
Marxist Scholarship and Psychological Practice 6
Michael Arfken
Marxism and Psychology Conference 2010 8
Ian Parker
Articles
Knowldge and Interest in Psychology: From Ideology to Ideology Critique 10
and Beyond
Gordana Jovanović
Reconstructing the Critique of Ideology: A Critical-Hermeneutic and 20
Psychological Outline
Thomas Teo
Re-Imagining Non-Domination: Troubling Assumptions in Psychoanalytic 28
Critical Theory
Bogdan Popa
The Role of Technology in Herbert Marcuse’ s Eros and Civilization 38
James McMahon
Hidden Trends: Reason, Renunciation and Liberation in Marcuse’s 48
Appropriation of Hegel and Freud
Elliott Buckland
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Meditation of the Socialist Dream: Psychoanalysis, Psychology, and the Political 58
Organization of a Discipline
Gregory Flemming
Marx in Lacan: Proletarian Truth in Opposition to Capitalist Psychology 70
David Pavón-Cuéllar
To Sell Marx in North America is to Not Sell Marx 78
Brad Piekkola
Ideology Beyond Marx: Shame, Disambiguation, and the Social Fashioning of 84
Reparation
Steve Larocco
The Malleable and Open Body: Emancipatory or Oppressive? 92
Clifford van Ommen and Vasi van Deventer
Identity Recognition and the Normative Challenge of Crowd Psychology 100
Radu Neculau
Marxian Currents in Latin and North American Community Psychology 110
Ravi Gokani
The Development of Development: A Post-Marxist Analysis of the Development 118
of Hegemonic Developmental Psychology
Joanna Wasiak
Wresting Change as a Liberating Concept: Lessons Learned from Teen Moms in 126
a Liberation Psychology Workshop
Colleen MacQuarrie, Emily Rutledge and Lorraine Begley
Notes on Contributors 138
SPECIAL ISSUE: MARXISM AND PSYCHOLOGY
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Introduction - MARXIST SCHOLARSHIP AND PSYCHOLOGICAL PRACTICE
introduction
michael arfken
Marxist Scholarship and Psychological Practice
By Michael Arfken, University of Prince Edward
Island
It is difficult to remember a time when so many people depression? Or another article that gives psychologists the
from such a variety of backgrounds took to the streets tools they need to assist employers with kinder, gentler lay-
to draw attention to the widening disparity between the offs? What do articles like this from a leading psychologi-
promises and the products of our economic and political cal organization say about the relationship between modern
institutions. As evidence continues to mount that our “ad- psychology and the existing economic order?
vanced” nations not only accumulate massive amounts of
wealth but also produce unprecedented inequalities in the Perhaps all this suggests is that modern psychology, like
distribution of that wealth, a vocal contingent of the work- any other academic discipline, must operate within the con-
ing class has, for the last few weeks, occupied financial dis- fines of the existing social order. Given that the financial
tricts throughout the world. These protests have captured market periodically goes through natural fluctuations, the
the imagination of a growing number of people who see best that psychology can hope to do is to alleviate some
neither their aspirations nor their sense of justice embodied of the anxiety that emerges from these brief crises. From
in some of the fundamental structures of modern society. such a perspective, the APA headlines are evidence not of
psychology’s parochialism but of its willingness to ease the
In the wake of the near total collapse of the global financial suffering of those who find themselves in an unfortunate set
system, we are also witnessing a growing number of activ- of circumstances.
ists, scholars, and practitioners who have begun to reflect on
the relationship between certain academic disciplines and Yet there is another dimension to the relationship between
dominant economic and political structures. Yet for those dominant economic structures and modern psychology that
working within the discipline of psychology, the connection bears some scrutiny. It is clear that the roots of modern psy-
between political economy and psychological knowledge is chology are supported by the same enlightenment rational-
anything but transparent. For example, what are we to make ity that continues to sustain many of our modern institutions
of an article on the front page of the American Psychologi- from liberal democracy to neoclassical economics. Given
cal Association (APA) website that, at the height of the the symbiotic relationship that exists between psychology
global recession, urged psychologists to brace for recession and these institutions, it seems inevitable that when one of
ANNUAL REVIEW OF CRITICAL PSYCHOLOGY
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MICHAEL ARFKEN
these institutions begins to exhibit certain weaknesses other account of the conference activities
institutions will step in to turn our attention to other matters.
Thus, while the looming collapse of our financial structures Given the overwhelming success of this first conference, it
could engender reflection on the legitimacy of the capitalist was agreed that every effort would be made to organize ad-
mode of production, the APA headlines shift our attention ditional Marxism and Psychology conferences on a regular
to matters that are less threatening to the existing state of basis and in a new location each time. We are pleased to
affairs. announce that the second Marxism and Psychology Con-
ference will be held from August 9-12, 2012 at the Univer-
This suggests that a deeper relationship exists between our sidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, located in
economic structures and our scientific pursuits. In other Morelia, Michoacán, Western Mexico. Further information
words, it is not only that psychological research and prac- regarding this conference can be found on the conference
tice is financially supported by industries that have a vested website - http://marxpsyconference.teocripsi.com/.
interest in maintaining the existing economic structure of
society. At an even deeper level, the very idea of a disci- While the contributions to this issue draw on a wide range
pline such as psychology that attempts to understand the of intellectual traditions, the three that figure most promi-
mental structures occupying the spaces between people and nently are hermeneutics, critical theory, and psychoanaly-
their environments or between people and other people ex- sis. This is not surprising given the influence that Marxism
presses a logic that can only take capitalism as its point of has historically exerted on these traditions. What is truly
departure. At this level, to make the relationship between striking is the breadth of topics that contributors address in
economics and psychology thematic is to discover that what this issue. Against the background of these traditions, con-
we refer to as psychology is simply a potent euphemism for tributors reflect on the role of ideology critique in modern
alienation. The aim of this issue of the Annual Review of society, on the heteronormative undercurrents of certain
Critical Psychology is to identify and interrogate this alien- forms of criticism, on the experience of shame, embodi-
ation using the tools of Marxist philosophy and analysis. ment, the use of technology, crowd behavior, and commu-
nity and developmental psychology to name only a few.
While this issue certainly draws attention to the role that
orthodox psychology plays in the reproduction of many of We hope the range of topics dealt with in this issue serves as
the dominant features of modern society, it also diagno- a reminder of the continued vitality of Marxist analysis and
ses the extent to which critical psychological scholarship the urgent need for an interrogation of many of the domi-
has come to distance itself from all things Marxist. With nant features of modern psychology. We also hope that crit-
some notable exceptions, critical psychologists suspicious ical psychologists who have wandered away from Marxist
of transcendental claims and secure foundations have of- analysis or who have never encountered it in the first place
ten avoided Marxism opting instead to embrace less rigid will discover something of value in this form of critique.
forms of analysis. Perhaps such a lacuna is itself in need of
a Marxist analysis particularly since the politics of recogni-
tion continues to demonstrate that simply appreciating the
unique identity of marginalized groups in the final analysis
does little to address the economic inequalities that support
nearly every form of social injustice.
It should be noted that all the papers included in this spe-
cial issue were originally presented at the first Marxism and
Psychology Conference held at the University of Prince Ed-
ward Island in August of 2010. Sponsored by the Marxism
and Psychology Research Group (MPRG), this conference
brought together over 100 international scholars, activists,
and students to discuss some of the most exciting issues at
the intersection of Marxism and Modern Psychology. Ian
Parkers contribution in this issue provides a comprehensive
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Introduction - MARXISM & PSYCHOLOGY CONFERENCE (2010)
introduction
ian parker
Marxism & Psychology Conference (2010)
By Ian Parker, Manchester Metropolitan University
The Marxism & Psychology conference took place ing questions: What is the specific contribution of Marxism
from 5-7 August at the University of Prince Ed- to understanding and overcoming alienation? Is the sense
ward Island, Canada. Around 100 participants from of alienation that sociology and psychology describes re-
around the world discussed the intersection between differ- ducible to the “experience” that we have of it? Should a
ent traditions in psychology and different strands of Marx- Marxist account of alienation rest upon a particular notion
ism. The Island is the site of a number of political-economic of nature and human species-being and estrangement from
cultural forces, ranging from the minority “Acadian” com- that nature under capitalism? Athanasios Marvakis from the
munity descended from French settlers (the Acadians were Aristotle University of Thessaloniki started off by outlining
expelled from the Island by the British and some ended up what Marx had to say about alienation as a concept in his
in Louisiana where they become known as “Cajuns”) to the early writings that we now understand in the light of the
Mi’q Maks who are now mainly confined to the much ti- later published work. Then Joel Kovel, a former psychia-
nier Lennox Island off the coast of the main island (where trist, psychoanalyst and now well-known ecosocialist activ-
they sell tacky souvenirs, including parmesan flavour dog ist spoke about how the concept of “alienation” was related
biscuits in the shape of Prince Edward Island). These po- to other notions that Marx and colleagues were working
tent reminders of the history of colonialism and class were with, and this helped us to step back a bit and focus on the
sidestepped in the conference by a focus instead on Anne of context for the use of the notion in Marx’s work. Then John
Green Gables (the musical is in its 46th year and “all things Cromby addressed what notion of psychology “alienation”
Anne” sustain the tourist trade). I put together the main ses- calls upon, and whether psychology as such could ever be
sions, so this is also a self-critique. more than a codified form of alienation.

There were three plenary sessions, one on each of the days of The second session was on ideology, organised by the fol-
the conference, which were organised thematically, around lowing questions: Why is the ruling ideology more potent
“Alienation”, “Ideology” and “Methodology”. Rather than and dangerous than simply being a set of ideas? What is
have a long keynote “presentation” and then “questions”, the difference between ideology and a “belief system”, and
there were introductions to the theme in Marxism and then do people actually need to believe ideology for it to func-
review of developments and intersections with psychology. tion? What is the role of “false consciousness” in ideology
The first session, on alienation, was guided by the follow- and should psychologists have anything to say about that?
ANNUAL REVIEW OF CRITICAL PSYCHOLOGY
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IAN PARKER
Morten Nissen, who has been a key figure in the develop- strands in the Frankfurt School and those working in and
ment of Kritische Psychologie in Denmark, kicked us off alongside the Lacanian tradition), and liberation psychol-
by saying what Marx had to say about the concept of ideol- ogy (from Freire to Montero). The Holzkamp folk were
ogy. Then Gordana Jovanovic from Belgrade, who, among there, as were some of the discourse people, but the discus-
other things, wrote the detailed preface to the translation sion was energised by perspectives not usually included in
of Wilhelm Reich’s work into Serbo-Croatian, talked about psychology conferences, and we were thus able to step back
how the concept of ideology is related to other notions that from our rather parochial debates into thinking about the
Marx and colleagues were working with. Raquel Guzzo, a wider compass of subjectivity and social change.
developmental and educational psychologist in Campinas
Brazil, took time out from her electoral campaign in Sao The conference was sponsored by the Marxism and Psychol-
Paulo with Partido Socialismo e Liberdade, to talk about ogy Research Group (http://discoveryspace.upei.ca/mprg/),
what notion of psychology the image of a subject beset and organised mainly by a small collection of people in the
by “ideology” calls upon. Hans Skott-Myhre, a Deleuzian University, with much of the administrative work, ferrying
Negri-style communist from Brock University in Canada around of speakers and general coordination undertaken by
talked about whether the notion of ideology must always Michael Arfken. It was an ambitious project and an amaz-
necessarily suppose a subject deluded or trapped by it. ing success. The worst reward would be to press Arfken
to take on (something like) “Marxism and Psychology II:
The final session of the conference was on methodology, Return of the Radicals” in a couple of year’s time, though
that is: Is there a distinctive Marxist methodology that char- there have been threats to land this on him. Who will step
acterises the way Marx grasped the nature of capitalism? in to save him from this, and take forward these debates?
Must dialectics be the core of the methodological approach
we take to social relations and can it then also be used to Note: This conference report was originally published in
grasp natural phenomena? What is the impact of revolu- PINS (Psychology in Society), 2010, 39, pp. 65-66.
tionary methodology for the way we think about the place
of psychology now and in the process of change? In this
session Thomas Teo from York University, a historian and
critic of mainstream psychology dealt with the question as
to how Marx differed from idealist speculative philosophy
elaborated by Hegel, and how Marx’s dialectical approach
introduced something new, something more revolutionary.
Carl Ratner, a cultural psychologist from California spoke
about how Marx’s methodology differed from the positiv-
ist project in mainstream psychology to accumulate facts
about society in order to simply improve it. And then Lois
Holzman from the Social Therapy and Performance of a
Lifetime Fred Newman group based in New York dealt with
how Marx’s practice of method works as an instrumental
tool or epistemological framework, and how that trans-
forms the way we think about methodology in psychology.
The more conventional paper sessions ranged from detailed
exegesis of the work of theorists well-known in psychology
(such as Lev Vygotsky), to not so well-known writers out-
with the discipline (such as Herbert Marcuse), to some who
should be required reading for all psychologists (such as
Ignacio Martin-Baro). One can gather from this range that
there were some full and frank exchanges over the contri-
bution of the broad activity theory tradition (including Le-
ontiev, Bakhtin and Volosinov), psychoanalysis (including
SPECIAL ISSUE: MARXISM AND PSYCHOLOGY
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KNOWLEDGE AND INTEREST IN PSYCHOLOGY: FROM IDEOLOGY TO IDEOLOGY CRITIQUE AND BEYOND
gordana jovanović
Knowledge and Interest in Psychology: From
Ideology to Ideology Critique and Beyond
By Gordana Jovanović, University Of Belgrade
Abstract
Contrary to prevailing beliefs in the main-stream psychology, I argue that interests are structurally
embedded in a scientific rationality supposedly oriented toward universality, objectivity and neutral-
ity. Relying on Marxist thought, I look for the socio-historical genesis of scientific claims and their ideological functions. The
first task of critique is to acknowledge that the supposed objectivity of science is an ideological claim. The next task should be
a critical examination of the interests themselves, and especially the interest for control operationalized as a quest for certainty
and quantification, widely shared in psychology too. Ideology critique must have two main objectives: critique of conditions
which hamper psychic wellbeing and self-critique, i.e. critique of interpretive tools which are formative for both subjective and
social worlds. I will argue that epistemological requirements for an ideology critique from the standpoint of psychology can be
fulfilled only within psychology as a hermeneutic science.
To raise the question on the relation between knowledge and component the passive reception of impressions from the external
interest in psychology is already a challenge to those po- world. Knowledge then hangs on a certain relation holding be-
sitions, still strongly defended within psychology, which tween what is ‘out there’ and certain inner states that this external
adhere to claims or - in the modest case – ideals of a pure and so reality causes in us. This construal, valid for Locke, applies just
called objective scientific knowledge which is supposed to neu- as much to the latest artificial-intelligence models of thinking.”
trally represent reality “out there”. These positions assume that (Taylor, 1995: 3-4).
cognizing should be considered as a specific mental process of
knowing, different from experiences of feeling and willing, and It is important to notice that, besides the field of artificial-intel-
normatively separated from the influence of other experiences. In ligence, these positions have received a new impetus in new do-
this way an objective cognitive representation of reality should mains. Surprisingly or not, mechanistic atomistic construals have
be secured. become favored also in the field of biology, precisely evolution-
ary psychology, an approach rapidly developing since the nine-
Such atomistic positions, which take analytic divisions as onto- ties of the 20th century, which tends to offer an explanation of
logical entities, have already a history of some centuries - they are the structure and functions of the psyche with a reference to the
closely related with the modern world picture. The same pattern evolutionary principle of adaptation only. The mind is labeled as
could be found in explanations of the physical world, but also of an “adapted mind” – and it is an outcome of successful brain solu-
the social and mental world, as pointed out by Kurt Danziger: tions to adaptive problems encountered in the environment. But
“Just as societies were considered to be formed by the combi- at the bottom there are only physical processes – as the first prin-
nation of separate and independent persons, so individual minds ciple of evolutionary psychology states: “The brain is a physical
could be thought of as formed by the association of separate system. It functions as a computer. Its circuits are designed to
mental elements.” (Danziger, 1994: 347). More precisely, there generate behavior that is appropriate to your environmental cir-
is also a connection between the mechanistic world view of the cumstances. The brain is a physical system whose operation is
rising modernity and understanding of knowledge in mechanistic governed solely by the laws of chemistry and physics” (Cosmides
terms, as demonstrated by Charles Taylor with a reference to the & Tooby, 1997, principle 1, para. 1)
basic cognitive process of perception: “The key to this is obvi-
ously perception, and if we see it as another process in a mecha- As far as the structure of the brain as a physical system is con-
nistic universe, we have to construe it as involving as a crucial cerned, evolutionary psychologists see it as a modular structure,
ANNUAL REVIEW OF CRITICAL PSYCHOLOGY