Marx and Alienation: Essays on Hegelian Themes

210 Pages·2011·0.64 MB·English

by  Sean Sayers

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Marx and Alienation
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10.1057/9780230309142 - Marx and Alienation, Sean Sayers
Also by Sean Sayers
PLATO’S REPUBLIC
An Introduction
MARXISM AND HUMAN NATURE
SOCIALISM AND DEMOCRACY (edited with David McLellan)
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HEGEL, MARX AND DIALECTIC (with Richard Norman) gra
A Debate Pal
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10.1057/9780230309142 - Marx and Alienation, Sean Sayers
Marx and Alienation
Essays on Hegelian Themes
Sean Sayers
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10.1057/9780230309142 - Marx and Alienation, Sean Sayers
© Sean Sayers 2011
All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this
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No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted
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First published 2011 by eC
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Sayers, Sean. av
Marx and alienation : essays on Hegelian themes / Sean Sayers. algr
p. cm. w.p
Includes bibliographical references (p. ) and index. ww
ISBN 978–0–230–27654–3 (alk. paper) m
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G1e.orMg aWrxi,l hKealrml, 1F8ri1e8dr–i1ch8,8 137.720.–1A8li3e1n.atIi.onT i(tPleh.ilosophy) 3. Hegel, erial fr
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Printed and bound in Great Britain by
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10.1057/9780230309142 - Marx and Alienation, Sean Sayers
Contents
Acknowledgements viii
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A Note on the Term ‘Alienation’ ix 0
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Introduction x ct - 2
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1 The Concept of Alienation: Hegelian Themes in 1 n
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Modern Social Thought e
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2 Creative Activity and Alienation in Hegel and Marx 14 Pal
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3 The Concept of Labour 32 sit
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4 The Individual and Society 48 U
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5 Freedom and the ‘Realm of Necessity’ 65 ath
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6 Alienation as a Critical Concept 78 alia
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7 Private Property and Communism 101 Au
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8 The Division of Labour and Its Overcoming 133 ed t
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9 Marx’s Concept of Communism 158 m - lic
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Appendix: The ‘Uplifting Influence’ of Work and Industry 173 c
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Bibliography 180 n
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Index 189 gra
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Acknowledgements
I am grateful to the publishers of the following works for permission
to re-use copyright material from them as the basis for the chapters 20
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indicated. 1-0
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‘Creative Activity and Alienation in Hegel and Marx’, Historical Material- ct -
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ism,2003, 11, 1, 107–28 (Chapter 2). on
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‘Labour in Modern Industrial Society’, in A. Chitty and M. McIvor (eds) algr
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Karl Marx and Contemporary Philosophy(Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, y -
2009), pp. 143–58 (Chapter 3). ersit
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‘Individual and Society in Marx and Hegel’, Science & Society,2007, 71, olic
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1, 84–102 (Chapter 4). at
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‘Freedom and the “Realm of Necessity”’, in D. Moggach (ed.) The New strali
Hegelians: Politics and Philosophy in the Hegelian School (Cambridge: Au
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Cambridge University Press, 2006), pp. 261–74 (Chapter 5). d t
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‘The “Uplifting Influence” of Work and Industry: The Philosophical m - li
Background to the Step of Steel’, in Serge Prokofiev, Le pas d’acier 1925, o
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DVD Set (Cheltenham: IDM Ltd and AHRC, 2006) (Appendix). ect.
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A Note on the Term ‘Alienation’
‘Alienation’ is one of the standard translations of both Entfremdung and
Entäußerung in Marx’s writings. The translations ‘estrangement’ for the 20
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former and ‘externalisation’ for the latter are also common, but ‘alienation’ 1-0
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is more familiar to most English speakers and I prefer it for that reason.1 20
According to Lukács (1975, 538), these terms were originally the ct -
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German translations of the English eighteenth century word ‘alienation’ on
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used in an economic or legal sense to mean the sale of a commodity or ve
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relinquishment of freedom. Marx sometimes uses ‘Entäusserung’ to des- algr
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cribe the way we relinquish ourselves in our products, and ‘Entfremdung’ y -
for the way in which these products become hostile forces working ersit
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against us; but he also uses the terms interchangeably. These different ni
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usages can be seen in the following passage from the 1844 Manuscripts. olic
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The object that labour produces, its product, stands opposed to it n
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as something alien [fremdes], as a power independent of the producer. strali
The product of labour is labour embodied and made material in an Au
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object, it is the objectification [Vergegenständlichung] of labour.… In d t
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the sphere of political economy, this realization of labour appears as ns
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a loss of realityfor the worker, objectification as loss of and bondage m - li
to the object, and appropriation as estrangement [Entfremdung], as o
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alienation[Entäußerung]. (Marx, 1975e, 324)2 ect.
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Some, like Kain (1982, 75–92), maintain that Marx uses these terms to av
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denote distinct concepts. However, this is disputed (Bottomore in Marx, al
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1961b, xix) and I am not aware of any decisive evidence to show that it is w.
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true. In what follows I will not attempt to distinguish them or Marx’s use of m
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1For summaries of issues of translation see Arthur (1986, 49–50, 147–9) and ht
Marx (1975a, 429–30). yrig
2‘Der Gegenstand, den die Arbeit produziert, ihr Produkt, tritt ihr als ein fremdes op
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Wesen, als eine von dem Produzenten unabhängige Macht gegenüber. Das Produkt
der Arbeit ist die Arbeit, die sich in einem Gegenstand fixiert, sachlich gemacht
hat, es ist die Vergegenständlichung der Arbeit.… Diese Verwirklichung der Arbeit
erscheint in dem nationalökonomischen Zustand als Entwirklichung des Arbeiters,
die Vergegenständlichung als Verlust und Knechtschaft des Gegenstandes, die
Aneignung als Entfremdung, als Entäußerung.’ (Marx and Engels, 1998, 656)
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