marshall plan truman doctrine berlin airlift

28 Pages·2016·3.11 MB·English

MARSHALL PLAN
TRUMAN DOCTRINE
BERLIN AIRLIFT
Alexander Salazar
4/2/2016
POST WWII
•  Aerial bombardment of various EU industrial cities to cripple EU allied military
powers.
•  Transportation and merchant systems throughout countries especially targeted.
•  Food shortage epidemic from July 1945 until June 1946
•  US provides 16.5 million tons(1/6 of US food supply or 35 trillion calories for 400
calories a day for a year to 300 million people) of food, mostly wheat, to EU and
Japan
EUROPEAN RECOVERY PROGRAM
•  Secretary of State – George Marshall
(1947-1949)
•  Declared it necessary to restore EU
•  Both rebuilds our allies post WWII and
serves to antagonize the USSR
•  Received overall US gov. support
•  Became the creation of the State Dept.
•  Especially William Clayton and George
Kennan
•  Later dubbed “Marshall Plan”.
GUIDELINES
•  $13 Billion ($130 Billion as of March 2016) to rebuilding destroyed areas of EU.
•  Paid to 16 EU countries (Members of the Organization of European Economic Co-
operation).
•  Turned down by USSR
•  Also blocked off opportunity for Eastern Bloc (Poland and East DE)
•  Quantities based on 2 aspects
•  Percapita
•  Most went to major powers
•  Help the big ones and they’ll fix those around
•  Position during WWII
•  UK=26%
•  FR=18%
•  W DE=11%
•  Asia received a similar plan but was not called the “Marshall Plan”.
INTENTIONS
•  The US accomplished several goals at once with the implementation of the
Plan:
1.  Rebuilt devastated areas of participating countries.
2.  Removed a series of trade barriers by…
1.  Lessening interstate barriers
2.  Dropping various regulations
3.  Increasing productivity
4.  Increasing memberships in labor unions
5.  And modernizing business procedures.
3.  Modernized the EU industries and methods
4.  And helped to prevent communisms spread.
ECONOMIC EFFECTS
•  1952-Funding halts
•  EU has exceeded economic prewar conditions.
•  The lowest output of 1951 was 35% higher than prior.
•  The Joint Chief of Staff Directive 1607 (Don’t help the DE economy) is replaced
by JCS 1779 (Help the DE economy)
•  DE coal mining was vital to all of the EU economic state as well as other DE raw
materials and manufacturing.
•  Returned FDR’s Good Neighbor Policy.
•  $14 Billion not included in Marshall Plan also spent by US towards EU
resuscitation by end of 1947
•  US also pays most of the UN humanitarian efforts.
POLITICAL EFFECTS
•  Though rejections was expected, the US offered the Marshall
Plan to the USSR for the sake of civility and maintenance of trust.
•  Washington Soviet ambassador considered anti-Soviet bloc
creation.
•  Stalin initially agreed to plan and encouraged other countries to
not reject economic conditions set upon them.
•  Opposed plan when:
•  Credit would only be made available if countries agreed upon
economic cooperation
•  Aid was also supplied to DE, making soviet influence upon Western DE
more difficult.
•  Intended to prevent plan during Paris Talks through negative
participation during establishment of conditions.
•  Czchoslavic and Polis want to accept aid
•  Fears others in East Bloc may do so as well and control will be lost.
•  This would lead to each economy being independently assessed
•  Also required participation in unified EU economy, terms which
are incompatible with command style Soviet economy.
MARSHALL’S SPEECH
“The modern system of the division of labor upon which the exchange of
products is based is in danger of breaking down. ... Aside from the
demoralizing effect on the world at large and the possibilities of disturbances
arising as a result of the desperation of the people concerned, the
consequences to the economy of the United States should be apparent to all.
It is logical that the United States should do whatever it is able to do to assist in
the return of normal economic health to the world, without which there can
be no political stability and no assured peace. Our policy is not directed
against any country, but against hunger, poverty, desperation and chaos. Any
government that is willing to assist in recovery will find full co-operation on the
part of the USA. Its purpose should be the revival of a working economy in the
world so as to permit the emergence of political and social conditions in
which free institutions can exist.”
ORGIN
•  Who: George Marshall, US Secretary of State from 1947 – 1949
•  What: A speech explaining the US standpoint on the world economy
•  When: June 5, 1947 at noon.
•  Where: Harvard University receiving an honorary degree
PURPOSE
•  Rationalized the US’s involvement in a chaotic EU economy.
•  “... Aside from the demoralizing effect on the world at large and the possibilities
of disturbances arising as a result of the desperation of the people concerned,
the consequences to the economy of the United States should be apparent to
all. It is logical that the United States should do whatever it is able to do to assist
in the return of normal economic health to the world, without which there can
be no political stability and no assured peace.”
•  Sought further recruitment of participating countries into Plan
•  “Any government that is willing to assist in recovery will find full co-operation on
the part of the USA.”
•  Partially antagonized Soviets
•  “Its purpose should be the revival of a working economy in the world so as to
permit the emergence of political and social conditions in which free institutions
can exist.”