Mars : past, present, and future; technical papers selected from the Mars Exploration Past, Present and Future Conference, Williamsburg, Virginia, July 1991

334 Pages·1992·15.971 MB·English

by  E B Pritchard, Mars Exploration Past, Present, and Future Conference. <1991, Williamsburg, Va.&gt

Purchased from American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics

Mars:
Past,
Present,
and
Future
Edited by
E. Brian Pritchard
NASA Langley Research Center
Hampton, Virginia
Volume 145
PROGRESS IN
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS
A. Richard Seebass, Editor-in-Chief
University of Colorado at Boulder
Boulder, Colorado
Technical papers selected from the Mars Exploration Past, Present, and
Future Conference, Williamsburg, Virginia, July 1991, and subsequently
revised for this volume.
Published by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics,
Inc., 370 L'Enfant Promenade, SW, Washington, DC 20024-2518
Purchased from American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics

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ISSN 0079-6050
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Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics
Editor-in-Chief
A. Richard Seebass
University of Colorado at Boulder
Editorial Board
Richard G. Bradley John L. Junkins
General Dynamics Texas A&M University
Alien E. Funs John E. Keigler
Carmel, California General Electric Company
Astro-Space Division
George J. Gleghorn
TRW Space Daniel P. Raymer
and Technology Group Lockheed Aeronautical Systems
Company
Dale B. Henderson
Los Alamos National Laboratory
Martin Summerfield
Princeton Combustion Research
Carolyn L. Huntoon Laboratories, Inc.
NASA Johnson Space Center
Charles E. Treanor
Reid R. June Arvin /'Calspan
Boeing Military Airplane Company Advanced Technology Center
Jeanne Godette
Series Managing Editor
AIAA
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Table of Contents
Preface................................................................................... ix
Part 1. Overviews
Chapter 1. Mars: Destination and Challenge....................................3
Arnold D. Aldrich, NASA Headquarters, Washington, D.C.
Chapter 2. Planetary Exploration: A Perspective .........................***. 13
James S. Martin, Dundee, Florida
Chapter 3. Terraforming Earth and Mars......................................17
Joel S. Levine, NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia
Part 2. Prior Missions
Chapter 4. The First Mission to Mars............................................29
J. N. James, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California
Chapter 5. The Viking Lander—Then and Now..............................37
Israel Taback, The Bionetics Corporation, Hampton, Virginia, and
John Goodlette, Martin Marietta Corporation, Denver, Colorado
Chapter 6. Viking Mission Overview: Lessons Learned and
Challenges for the Future .........................................................53
E. A. Euler, Martin Marietta Civil Space & Communications,
Denver, Colorado
Chapter 7. Viking—A Positive Management Experience ...................63
A. Guastaferro, Lockheed Missiles & Space Company, Inc.,
Sunny vale, California
Part 3. Future Missions: Rationale and Benefits
Chapter 8. Space Exploration Initiative Set as a National Priority:
Responding to National Policies and Needs...................................75
Jay M. Henn and Richard A. Reeves, NASA Headquarters, Washington, D.C.
Chapter 9. Achieving a Balance: Science and Human Exploration .......83
Michael B. Duke, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas
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vi TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 10. Rationale and Constituencies for the Space
Exploration Initiative...............................................................91
Kristine A. Johnson, Space Exploration Directorate, NASA Headquarters,
Washington, D.C.
Chapter 11. Space Education Initiative ..........................................97
Helenmarie Hofman, National Science Teachers Association,
Washington, D.C.
Chapter 12. Mars Mission Benefits: A Layman's Perspective............ 103
Reginald Newell, International Association of Machinists and Aerospace
Workers, Washington, D.C.
Chapter 13. A Congressional Perspective on the Space
Exploration Initiative.............................................................109
Marcia Smith, Congressional Research Service, Washington, D. C.
Chapter 14. The Media, the Masses, and the Moon and Mars .......... 115
Andrew Lawler, Space News, Springfield, Virginia
Chapter 15. Perspectives on Exploration—from the Scientists .......... 119
Marc S. Alien, National Research Council, Washington, D.C.
Part 4. Future Missions: Robotic Missions
Chapter 16. A Risk-Based Approach to Robotic Mission
Requirements....................................................................... 129
William C. Dias and Roger D. Bourke, California Institute of
Technology-Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California
Chapter 17. A Mars Environment Survey Mission Concept.............. 141
G. Scott Hubbard, NASA Ames Research Center, Mountain View, California
Chapter 18. MARSNET-A Mars Network of Surface Stations.......... 153
G. E. N. Scoon, ESAIESTEC, Noordwijk, The Netherlands
Chapter 19. Mars Sample Return Mission Options......................... 169
R. T. Gamber and G. L. Adams, Martin Marietta Civil Space &
Communications, Denver, Colorado
Part 5. Future Missions: Systems Concepts and Operations
Chapter 20. Enabling the Human Mission .................................... 185
John Bosley, Booz-Alien & Hamilton, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland
Chapter 21. Establishing the Infrastructure: An Integrated Space
Transportation System........................................................... 195
W. G. Huber and J. P. Sumrall, NASA George C. Marshall Space Flight
Center, Alabama
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TABLE OF CONTENTS vii
Chapter 22. Establishing the Infrastructure: Orbital Operational
Requirements and Options...................................................... 213
E. Brian Pritchard, NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia
Part 6. Future Missions: Technology
Chapter 23. Nuclear Propulsion Technology Development: A Joint
NASA/Department of Energy Project........................................ 225
John S. Clark, NASA Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio
Chapter 24. Radiation Shielding in Transit to Mars and on the
Surface...............................................................................239
Edmund J. Conway and Lawrence W. Townsend, NASA Langley Research
Center, Hampton, Virginia
Chapter 25. Advanced Technologies for Nuclear Propulsion............. 255
Benton Clark, Scott Geels, Brian Sutter, Rohan Zaveri, and Robert Zubrin,
Martin Marietta Civil Space & Communications, Denver, Colorado
Chapter 26. Human Support for Mars Exploration: Issues and
Approaches..........................................................................269
Anthony R. Gross, Lynn D. Harper, Michael G. Shafto, Joan Vernikos,
Bruce W. Webbon, and William E. Berry, NASA Ames Research Center,
Moffett Field, California
Chapter 27. Smart Space Suits for Space Exploration.....................297
Brand Norman Griffin and Paul Hudson, Griffin-Hudson, Huntsville,
Alabama
Chapter 28. Aerobraking for Space Exploration ............................ 307
Charles H. Eldred, NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia
Author Index for Volume 145.....................................................323
List of Series Volumes ..............................................................324
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Preface
The idea for a symposium on missions to Mars, in conjunction with the
15th anniversary of the first unmanned Viking landing on Mars on July
20, 1976, was born in April of 1991. The concept was to examine past,
present, and future missions. Past missions were to be reviewed in terms
of science returned and systems, operations, and management lessons learned.
Present missions were to be examined briefly. The bulk of the conference
was to be devoted to future missions in the context of the Space Exploration
Initiative announced by President George Bush on the occasion of the 20th
anniversary of the Apollo 11 lunar landing. The conference dates were set
for July 17-19, 1991, so that participants could attend the Viking 15th
anniversary celebration on July 20.
Because there were only three months to put the conference together,
only invited papers could be presented. Tom Young, President and Chief
Operating Officer of Martin Marietta, agreed to serve as general chairman.
I served as technical program chairman, and Robert L. Wright of NASA
Langley Research Center was the administrative chairman. An excellent
group of session chairmen agreed to serve: Norm Haynes of Jet Propulsion
Laboratory (JPL) for the Mariner Missions; Angelo Gustaferro of Lock-
heed Missiles and Space Company for the Viking Mission; David D. Evans
of JPL for Mars Observer; Mark X. Craig of NASA Headquarters for
Future Missions and Architectures; Richard A. Reeves of NASA Head-
quarters for Mars Mission Benefits; Noel Hinners of Martin Marietta Cor-
poration for Mars Science for the Future; Lewis Peach of NASA Headquarters
for System Concepts and Operations; W. Ray Hook of NASA Langley
Research Center for Technology; and Donna Pivirotto of JPL for Robotic
Missions. I would like to thank all of the session chairmen and authors
who participated in the symposium, as well as Betty A. Perry, who kept
track of the myriad of details and questions.
The papers presented at the conference were excellent. Because of the
short interim between paper selection and conference presentation, how-
ever, it was impossible to obtain written versions of all papers. Thus this
Volume of Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics focuses on those
conference papers for which written texts were received.
This text reviews the Viking mission in some detail. The insight provided
by Gus Guastaferro in his paper "Viking—A Positive Management Ex-
perience" is particularly appropriate as we look towards future Mars mis-
sions. His management lessons learned should be required study for future
program and project managers.
Sending humans to Mars in the future will be expensive; there must be
a demonstrated major return to this nation. These returns are explored in
ix