Marriages and Families: Diversity and Change

641 Pages·2016·65.737 MB·English

by  Mary Ann Schwartz, BarBara Marliene Scott

Marriages
and Families
Diversity and Change
Eighth Edition
Mary Ann Schwartz
Northeastern Illinois University
BarBara Marliene Scott
Northeastern Illinois University
New York, NY
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1 17
Student Edition ISBN 10: 0-134-62919-1
Student Edition ISBN 13: 978-0-134-62919-3
A la Carte ISBN 10: 0-134-63199-4
www.pearsonhighered.com A la Carte ISBN 13: 978-0-134-63199-8
To our husbands,
who share(d) with us
the joy and value of family life
Richard
and
Roger (1936–2012)
Brief Contents
1 Marriages and Families over Time 1 9 Reproduction and Parenting 280
2 Ways of Studying and Explaining 10 Evolving Work and Family
Marriages and Families 32 Structures 326
3 Understanding Gender: Its 11 Power, Abuse, and Violence
Influence in Intimate Relationships 63 in Intimate Relationships 359
4 The Many Faces of Love 92 12 The Process of Uncoupling:
Divorce in the United States 398
5 Dating, Coupling, and Mate
Selection 124 13 Remarriage and Remarried
Families 426
6 Sexuality and Intimate
Relationships 165 14 Marriages and Families
in Later Life 452
7 Living Single, Living with Others:
Nonmarital Lifestyles 216 15 Issues Confronting Families
at Home and Abroad 482
8 The Marriage Experience 242
iv
Contents
Boxes xi 2 Ways of Studying and Explaining
Preface xii
Marriages and Families 32
About the Authors xviii
The Link Between Research and Theory 34
1 Marriages and Families over Time 1 Methodological Techniques in the Study
of Marriages and Families 39
Contemporary Definitions of Marriages and Families 2
Surveys 41
What Is Marriage? 3
Observation 42
What Is a Family? 4
Ethnography 42
Race, Class, Gender, and Sexual Orientation 6
Scientific Methodologies Used by Feminist
Family Functions and the Debate over Family Values 7
Researchers 43
Social Functions of Families 7
A Critical Look at Traditional Research on
Contrasting Views of Families 10
Marriages and Families 44
Debunking Myths About Marriages and Families 11 A More Inclusive Sociology 45
Myth 1: The Universal Nuclear Family 12 Contemporary Marriage and Family Scholarship 46
Myth 2: The Self-Reliant Traditional Family 13
Theoretical Perspectives 47
Myth 3: The Naturalness of Different Spheres
Structural Functionalism 47
for Wives and Husbands 13
Conflict Theory 50
Myth 4: The Unstable African American Family 14
Symbolic Interaction 51
Families in Early America 14
Social Constructionism 52
Colonial Families 15
Social Exchange Theory 53
African American Families Under Slavery 16
The Developmental Family Life Cycle Model 54
Free African American Families 17
Feminist Theories and Perspectives 55
Slavery’s Hidden Legacy: Racial Mixing 17
Men’s Studies and Marriage and Family Research 57
Native American Families 18
Men in Families 58
Families in the Nineteenth Century 19
Supporting Marriages and Families 59
Emergence of the Good Provider Role 19
Summary and Review 60 • Key Terms 61 • Questions for
The Cult of Domesticity 19 Study and Reflection 62
Changing Views of Childhood 19
The Impact of Class, Race, and Ethnicity 20 3 Understanding Gender:
Immigration and Family Life 20 Its Influence in Intimate Relationships 63
The Asian Experience 21
Distinguishing Sex and Gender Roles 64
Mexican American Families 21
Gender Differences: The Nature–Nurture Debate 65
Families in the Twentieth Century 22
Sex/Gender Variations 65
The Emergence of the Companionate Family 22
Traditional Meanings of Femininity and Masculinity 67
The Great Depression 22
Traditional Gender Roles: Female and Male 68
World War II and Its Aftermath 23
Gender Variations: A Cross-Cultural Perspective 68
Changing Patterns of Immigration 24
Lessons from History 24 Gender Roles in Transition 69
The Pay Gap 70
Looking Ahead: Marriages and Families Today
and in the Future 25 New Roles in the Real World 70
Contemporary Patterns in Marriages and Families 25 Theories of Gender Role Socialization 72
Looking Ahead: Marriages and Families in the Future 26 Social-Learning Theory 72
The Family: Applying Sociological Principles 27 Cognitive-Development Theory 73
The Sociological Imagination 27 Enculturated-Lens Theory 73
Writing Your Own Script 27 Agents of Socialization 74
Supporting Marriages and Families 28 Parents 74
Summary and Review 29 • Key Terms 31 • Questions for Video Games 76
Study and Reflection 31 Language 76
v
vi Contents
Peers and Siblings 76 Mate Selection in Cross-Cultural and Historical
Organized Sports 77 Perspective 127
Teachers and School Organization 78 Dating Diversity: Mate Selection Cross-Culturally 127
Are Boys in Crisis? 78 Mate Selection in the United States: A Historical
The Mass Media and Shifting Technology 79 Perspective 130
Religion 82 Dating Among Later-Life Adults 136
Consequences of Gender Stereotyping 83 The Intersections of Race, Gender, Class,
and Sexual Orientation and Identity 138
Career and Lifestyle Choices 83
Race at the Intersection 139
Mental Health 85
Social Class at the Intersection 140
Women, Men, and Friends 86
Sex and Gender at the Intersection 142
Patterns of Communication 87
Sexual Orientation and Sexual Identity
Changing Realities, Changing Roles 88
at the Intersection 142
Supporting Marriages and Families 88
Theories of Mate Selection 145
Summary and Review 89 • Key Terms 90 • Questions for
Exchange Theories 145
Study and Reflection 91
Filter Theories 145
4 The Many Faces of Love 92 Mate Selection: Finding and Meeting Partners 146
The Marriage Market and the Pool of Eligibles 146
What Is This Thing Called Love? 93
Other Factors that Narrow the Dating
Love as a Social Construction 95 and Marriage Market 149
Love in Western Society: A Historical Perspective 95 Personal Qualities and Mate Selection 151
The Importance of Love 99 Meeting Partners: Where and How 151
How Do People Express Love? 101 School, Church, and Work 152
Lee’s Six Styles of Loving 101 Singles’ Bars and Gay Bars 152
Love Versus Friendship and Infatuation 103 Dating Clubs and Dating Services 152
Close Friendship Versus Love 103 Searching for a Mate: Connecting Online 153
Infatuation Versus Love 104 Speed Dating 155
Some Theories of Love 105 The Future of Dating 156
The Wheel Theory of Love 105 Violence in Dating and Intimate Relationships 156
The Theory of Love as a Story 106 Physical Abuse 156
Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love 106 Date and Acquaintance Rape 157
Sternberg’s Theory of Love Stories 106 Breaking Up 160
Love as a Social Exchange 107 Supporting Marriages and Families 161
Love as Limerence 108 Summary 162 • Key Terms 164 • Questions for Study
and Reflection 164
Love Across Gender, Sexuality, and Race 108
Are Women or Men More Romantic? Gender
6 Sexuality and Intimate Relationships 165
Differences in Love Relationships 108
LGBTQ Love Relationships 110
Human Sexuality 167
Female–Male Relationships Across Race and Ethnicity 111
Sexual Identities and Sexual Orientations 167
Obstacles to Love and Loving Relationships 113
Sexual Orientations 168
Demographic Factors and Social
Heterosexuality 168
and Cultural Change 113
Homosexuality 169
Traditional Gender Role Socialization 116
Bisexuality 170
Patriarchy as an Obstacle to LGBTQ Love 116
Transgender 171
Trust in Intimate Relationships 116
Queer 172
The Nature and Patterns of Jealousy 117
Human Sexuality: Past and Present 173
Romantic Love Today 119
Jewish Traditions and Human Sexuality 173
Supporting Marriages and Families 120
Christian Traditions and Human Sexuality 173
Summary 120 • Key Terms 123 • Questions for Study
Sexuality in Early America: An Overview 174
and Reflection 123
Sexual Attitudes and Behavior in the Twentieth
Century and Beyond 175
5 Dating, Coupling, and Mate Selection 124
Sexuality as Social Learning 186
Mate Selection 126 Learning Sexuality in the Family 187
The Functions of Dating in the Past 126 Gender Differences in Sexual Scripts 188
Contents vii
Peer Influence 188 Lesbian and Gay Relationships 233
The Mass Media 189 Methodological Issues 233
The Internet 192 Current Demographic and Socioeconomic Trends 234
Human Sexual Expression 195 Demystifying Lesbian and Gay Relationships 234
Autoeroticism 195 Living Together: Domestic Tasks and Decision
Interpersonal Sexual Behavior 197 Making 234
Sexual Expression Among Lesbians and Gays 198 The Social and Legal Context of Lesbian and Gay
Relationships 235
Sexuality Across the Life Cycle 198
Elderly Lesbians, Gays, and Bisexuals 236
Sexuality in Adolescence and Young Adulthood 199
Communal Living 237
Sexuality in College 200
Advantages and Disadvantages of the
Sexuality and Singlehood 201
Communal Lifestyle 238
Sexuality Within Marriage: Does Good Sex Make Good
Communes, Shared Housing, and the Future 238
Marriages? 201
Sexuality in Post-Married Life 202 Supporting Nonmarried Adults 239
Sexuality in Later Life 203 Summary 240 • Key Terms 241 • Questions for Study
and Reflection 241
Sexual Dysfunctions 204
Sexual Responsibility: Protecting Yourself
8 The Marriage Experience 242
and Your Partner(s) from AIDS and Other STIs 205
Sexually Transmitted Infections 205
Why Do People Marry? 244
HIV/AIDS 206
Sociological Perspective 244
HIV/AIDS and Risk: Who Gets AIDS? 207
Who Needs Marriage? The Changing Shape
Global AIDS Pandemic 210
of U.S. Marriages and Families 245
AIDS Prevention and Sexual Responsibility 211
The Meaning of Marriage 248
Supporting Marriages and Families 212
Marriage as a Commitment 248
Summary 213 • Key Terms 215 • Questions for Study
Marriage as a Sacrament 249
and Reflection 215
Marriage as a Legal Contract 249
7 Living Single, Living with Others: Legal Aspects of Same-Sex Marriage 250
Other Legal Aspects of the Marriage Contract 251
Nonmarital Lifestyles 216
Change and Continuity in the Meaning of Marriage 252
Historical Perspectives 217 Provisions of the Modern Marriage Contract 254
Singlehood in Early America 217 The Marriage Contract Today 256
Singlehood in the Nineteenth and Early Marriage Traditions in the United States 256
Twentieth Centuries 217 The Wedding 258
Singlehood Today: Current Demographic Trends 218
Marriage and Gender 261
Demystifying Singlehood 220 “Her” Marriage 262
Individual Decision Making 220 “His” Marriage 262
The Influence of Social and Economic Forces 220
Transitions and Adjustments to Marriages 262
Types of Singles 221
A Typology of Marital Relationships 262
Advantages and Disadvantages of Singlehood 221
Heterogamous Marriages 264
Single Lifestyles 222
Interracial Marriages 264
The Boomerang Phenomenon 222
Interracial Marriage: African Americans 266
Living Alone 224
Interracial Marriage: Native Americans 267
Income 225
Interracial Marriage: Asian Americans 268
Support Networks 226 Interethnic Marriage: Latinos 269
Happiness and Life Satisfaction 226 Interethnic Marriage: Whites 270
The Never-Married in Later Life 226 Interfaith Marriages 270
Heterosexual Cohabitation 227 Marital Satisfaction, Communication,
Historical Perspectives 227 and Conflict Resolution 271
The Meaning of Cohabitation Today 228 Successful Marriage 271
Cohabitation in Other Countries 229 Effective Communication 272
Why Do People Cohabit? 229 Conflict and Conflict Resolution 273
Cohabitation and the Division of Household Labor 231 Supporting Marriages and Families 273
Cohabitation and Marital Stability 231 Summary 277 • Key Terms 279 • Questions for
Cohabitation and the Law 232 Study and Reflection 279
viii Contents
9 Reproduction and Parenting 280 Work and Family Structures 330
Traditional Nuclear Families, Including
Historical Overview: Fertility Trends in the United States 281 Stay-at-Home Dads 330
Current Fertility Patterns 282 The Two-Person Single Career 331
To Parent or Not 283 Dual-Earner Families 332
The Costs of Parenthood 283 Commuter Marriages 332
The Benefits of Parenthood 283 The Impact of Work on Family Relationships 333
The Social Pressures to Procreate 284 Marital Power and Decision Making 333
The Child-Free Option 284 Marital Happiness and Satisfaction 334
Delayed Parenting 284 Husbands and the Division of Household Labor 335
Controlling Fertility 286 The Impact of Gender Ideology, Social Class,
and Race and Ethnicity 336
Contraceptive Use 286
Child Care 337
Reasons for Not Using Contraceptives 287
Work–Life Conflict: The “New Male Mystique” 339
Abortion 287
Parental Leave: A Partial Solution to
Historical Perspectives 289
Work–Family Conflict 339
Public Attitudes toward Abortion 290
Inequities in the Workplace: Consequences
Infertility 290
for Families 341
Causes of Infertility 290
Occupational Distribution 341
Consequences of Infertility 290
The Race–Gender Gap in Earnings:
Medical Treatments and Reproductive Technology:
Good News and Bad News 343
Implications for the Meaning of Parenthood 291
Consequence of the Earnings Gap 344
The Choice to Parent 293
The Union Difference 344
Multiple Conception and Births 293
Sexual Harassment 345
Pregnancy 294
The Economic Well-Being of Families 346
Prenatal Development and Care 295
Growing Income Inequality and the Decline
Protecting the Prenatal Environment 297
of the Middle Class 347
Expectant Fathers 299
Poverty and the Working Poor 348
Parental Adjustments, Adaptations, and Patterns
Unemployment and Underemployment 350
of Childrearing 300
Unemployment and Marital Functioning 351
Parental Roles 301
Homelessness: Often Only a Paycheck Away 353
Gender Differences in the Experience of Parenthood 303
Balancing Work and Family: Restructuring
Styles of Parenting 304 the Workplace 353
Parenting Issues in the Digital World 306 Family-Friendly Policies and Benefits 354
Race and Class 307 Continuing Progress or Retrenchment? 355
Systemic Racism 308
Supporting Marriages and Families 355
African American Families 309 Summary 356 • Key Terms 358 • Questions for
Native American Families 313 Study and Reflection 358
Latina/o Families 314
Asian and Pacific Islander Americans 315 11 Power, Abuse, and Violence
Lesbian and Gay Parents 317 in Intimate Relationships 359
Single Parents 319
The Roots of Family Violence: A Historical Context 361
Teenage Parents 320
Violence Against Women 361
Supporting Parents and Children 322
Violence Against Children 361
Summary 323 • Key Terms 325 • Questions for
Violence Against the Elderly 362
Study and Reflection 325
Violence Against Siblings 362
10 Evolving Work and Family Gender-Based Violence: A Human Rights
and Public Health Issue 362
Structures 326
Intimate and Gender-Based Violence and U.S. Culture 366
The Work–Family Connection 327 The Role of American Media 366
Economic Concerns Are Increasing in the United States 327 The Physical and Sexual Assault of Women 369
The Transformation of Work and Family Roles 328 What Is Woman Battering? 369
Variations by Race, Gender, and Marital Status 329 The Sexual Assault of Women 371
Reasons Women Work 329 Rape Myths 372
Contents ix
Intimate and Gender-Based Violence: From the Perspective of Family Therapists,
Understanding the Intersections 373 Certified Divorce Financial Analysts,
and Matrimonial Lawyers 412
Violence Between Same-Sex Couples 373
Gender, Race, and Ethnicity 374 The Impact of Divorce on Spouses 413
Social Class and the Economy 375 Common Consequences of Divorce 413
Marital Status and Sexual Assault 376 Gender Differences: “Her” Divorce 414
Gender Differences: “His” Divorce 415
Theories of Spousal or Partner Abuse 377
Recovering from Divorce 417
Exploring the Causes of Domestic and Intimate
Partner Violence 377 The Impact of Divorce on Children 417
Why Do Women Remain in Abusive Relationships? 378 Short-Term Versus Long-Term Effects of
Confronting Intimate Violence 380 Divorce on Children 417
Children and Divorce in Other Countries 419
The Effects of Physical and Sexual Assault
on Women: Coping and Survival Strategies 380 Changing Patterns in Child Custody 419
Psychological and Emotional Strategies 381 Sole Custody 420
Self-Destructive Strategies 381 Joint Custody 420
Fighting Back 382 Which Is Better: Sole or Joint Custody? 421
Have We Made Progress in the Attempt When Things Go Wrong: Family Abduction 422
to End Domestic Violence and IPV? 382 Reaching Accord: Counseling, Collaborative Law,
A Comparative Look at Battered Men 383 and Mediation 422
Gender-Based Violence: Both Ends of the Supporting Marriages and Families 423
Age Continuum 385 Summary 424 • Key Terms 425 • Questions for
Study and Reflection 425
Gender-Based Child Abuse and Violence 386
Gender-Based Elder Abuse and Violence 392 13 Remarriage and Remarried
Supporting Marriages and Families 393 Families 426
Summary 395 • Key Terms 397 • Questions for
Study and Reflection 397 What Is a Remarried Family? 428
Historical Perspective 429
12 The Process of Uncoupling: Cultural Images of Stepfamilies 430
Divorce in the United States 398 The Process of Remarriage 431
Dating and Courtship Patterns 431
Historical Perspectives 399
The Decision to Remarry 432
Divorce in Early America 399
Patterns of Remarriage 432
Divorce in Nineteenth-Century America 399
The Stations of Remarriage 435
Twentieth-Century America: Efforts at Reform 400
The Development of Remarried Families: Roles,
Current Trends: How Many Marriages End in Divorce? 400 Interactions, and Reactions 437
Same-Sex Divorce 402 Children and the Remarriage Service 438
Who Is Likely to Divorce? Factors Affecting Children and the Honeymoon 438
Marital Stability 403 Children in Remarried Families 438
Age at First Marriage 403 Consequences of Parental Remarriage for Children 440
Education 403 Adult Children’s Reaction to Parental
Income/Employment 403 Later-Life Remarriages 441
Religion 403 Stepfamily Relationships: Siblings 441
Parental Divorce 404 Stepsibling Relationships: Solidarity or Rivalry? 441
Social Network Effects: Is Divorce Contagious? 404
Stepfamily Relationships: Parents 443
Cohabitation 404
Stepmothers: A Bad Rap? 443
Presence of Children 405
Stepfathers: Polite Strangers? 444
Gender, Race, and Ethnicity 405
Lesbian and Gay Stepparents and Their Children 445
The Process of Divorce 407 Ex-Spouses: Do They Fade Away? 445
Stages in the Divorce Process 408
The Quality of the Remarital Relationship 446
The Six Stations of Divorce 408
Stability in Remarriage 447
Other Forms of Marital Disruption 409
The Strengths and Benefits of Remarried Families 449
The Causes of Divorce 410
Supporting Remarriage and Remarried Families 449
Societal Factors 410 Summary 450 • Key Terms 451 • Questions for
From the Perspective of Divorced People 412 Study and Reflection 451