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321 Pages·2002·3.05 MB·English
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Marketing and Shipping Proceedings of the Second International Conference and Exhibition, November 1999, Seattle, Washington Edited by Brian C. Paust and Allison A. Rice Published by University of Alaska Sea Grant College Program Report No. AK-SG-01-03 Elmer E. Rasmuson Library Cataloging in Publication Data: Marketing and Shipping Live Aquatic Products (2nd : 1999 : Seattle, Wash.) Marketing and shipping live aquatic products : proceedings of the second International Conference and Exhibition, November 1999, Seattle, Washington / Edited by Brian C. Paust and Allison A. Rice. – Fairbanks, Alaska : University of Alaska Sea Grant Col- lege Program, [2001]. 308 p. : ill. ; cm. – (University of Alaska Sea Grant College Program ; AK-SG-01-03) Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Aquatic animals—Transportation—Congresses. 2. Aquatic animals—Marketing— Congresses. 3. Aquatic animals—Housing—Congresses. 4. Aquatic animals—Law and legislation—Congresses. 3. Seafood industry—Quality control—Congresses. I. Title. II. Paust, Brian C. III. Rice, Allison A. IV. Series: Alaska Sea Grant College Program report ; AK-SG-01-03. HD9450.5 M37 1999 ISBN 1-56612-067-5 Citation for this volume is B.C. Paust and A.A. Rice (eds.). 2001. Marketing and shipping live aquatic products: Proceedings of the Second International Conference and Exhibition, November 1999, Seattle, WA. University of Alaska Sea Grant, AK-SG-01-03, Fairbanks. CREDITS This book is published by the University of Alaska Sea Grant College Program, which is cooperatively supported by the U.S. Department of Commerce, NOAA National Sea Grant Office, grant no. NA86RG-0050, projects A/151-01 and A/161-01; and by the University of Alaska Fairbanks with state funds. The University of Alaska is an affirmative action/ equal opportunity institution. Sea Grant is a unique partnership with public and private sectors combining research, education, and technology transfer for public service. This national network of universities meets changing environmental and economic needs of people in our coastal, ocean, and Great Lakes regions. O University of Alaska Sea Grant P.O. Box 755040 205 O’Neill Bldg. Fairbanks, Alaska 99775-5040 N Toll free (888) 789-0090 (907) 474-6707 • Fax (907) 474-6285 http://www.uaf.edu/seagrant/ P S M E E H R T I R P A A C D E M D S N I U S I T R A T I O N A N O I T N L A C O E A E R C C I N M E A O M D N C T A O F M T CONTENTS Acknowledgments ................................................................................................ vii PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ANIMALS DESTINED FOR LIVE AND ORNAMENTAL MARKETS Physiological Responses of Blue Crabs (Callinectes sp.) to Procedures Used in the Soft Crab Fishery in La Laguna de Terminos, Mexico Angela R. Danford, Roger F. Uglow, and Carlos Rosas ...................................1 Effect of Long-Haul International Transport on Lobster Hemolymph Constituents and Nitrogen Metabolism Angela R. Danford, Roger F. Uglow, and John Garland .................................9 Physiological Stress Response in Fish George Iwama ...................................................................................................19 Critical Oxygen Point in Yellowleg Shrimp (Farfantepenaeus californiensis): A Potential Species for the Live Seafood Trade Lucía Ocampo V. ...............................................................................................23 SOCIAL, ETHICAL, AND HUMANITARIAN CONSIDERATIONS Animal Rights Advocacy, Public Perception, and the Trade in Live Animals Paul G. Olin ......................................................................................................27 Animal Ethics and the Live Aquatic Animal Trade Bernard E. Rollin .............................................................................................35 LIVE HOLDING SYSTEM ENGINEERING AND WATER QUALITY Holding Tank System for Reconditioning Transport of Live Cod Recently Captured in Deep Water Hans-Peder Pedersen and Arnt Amble ............................................................45 Short-Term Holding and Live Transport of Aquatic Animals: An Overview of Problems and Some Historic Solutions David J. Scarratt ..............................................................................................51 Live Fish Handling Strategies from Boat to Retail Establishment John Seccombe ..................................................................................................57 ORNAMENTAL SPECIES INDUSTRY Florida’s Ornamental Marine Life Industry Sherry L. Larkin, Donna J. Lee, Robert L. Degner, J. Walter Milon, and Charles M. Adams ........................................................63 iii Contents Shipping Practices in the Ornamental Fish Industry Brian Cole, Clyde S. Tamaru, Rich Bailey, Christopher Brown, and Harry Ako ..................................................................................................73 The Ornamental Fish Industry Craig A. Watson ................................................................................................87 LIVE SHIPMENT OF MARINE ALGAE AND AQUATIC PLANTS Live Rockweed (Ascophyllum) used as a Shipping Medium for the Live Transport of Marine Baitworms from Maine Stephen E. Crawford ........................................................................................95 Shipping and Handling the Marine Algae Macrocystis in Alaska Thea Thomas ....................................................................................................99 LIVE SHIPMENT OF MOLLUSKS AND CRUSTACEANS Live Transport of the Great Scallop (Pecten maximus) Toril Overaa ....................................................................................................105 Handling and Shipping of Live Northeast Pacific Scallops: Larvae to Adults William A. Heath ............................................................................................ 111 The Harvest and Culture of Live Freshwater Aquatic Invertebrates Barry Thoele ....................................................................................................125 Optimizing Waterless Shipping Conditions for Macrobrachium rosenbergii John Kubaryk and Carol Harper ..................................................................131 Keeping Baitfish Alive and Healthy in Holding Tanks: Tips for Retail Outlets Hugh Thomforde .............................................................................................141 What’s New in Live Fish and Shellfish At-Sea Holding Systems: High Tech and Low Tech Mick Kronman ................................................................................................145 Opportunity or Threat? Implications of the Live Halibut Fishery in British Columbia from the Harvester Perspective Kim Mauriks ...................................................................................................151 RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ISSUES AND THE DEVELOPING LIVE HARVEST INDUSTRY Resource Management and Environmental Issues Concerning Live Halibut Landings Bruce M. Leaman ...........................................................................................155 iv Contents Sterling Pacific Halibut: A New Approach Kim Mauriks ...................................................................................................159 Resource Management Issues in California’s Commercial Nearshore Live/Premium Finfish Fishery Christine Pattison ...........................................................................................163 Shipping Live Fish into British Columbia, Canada: Basic Regulatory Requirements Dorothee Kieser ...............................................................................................171 Resource Management Issues: Question and Answer Session Bruce M. Leaman, Kim Mauriks, and Christine Pattison ...........................177 MARKETING LIVE SEAFOOD AND ORNAMENTAL PRODUCTS The Live Reef Food Fish Trade in Hong Kong: Problems and Prospects Yvonne Sadovy ................................................................................................183 Marketing Aspects of the Live Seafood Trade in Hong Kong and the People’s Republic of China Patrick S.W. Chan ..........................................................................................193 Wholesale and Retail Marketing Aspects of the Hong Kong Live Seafood Business Patrick S.W. Chan ..........................................................................................201 An Overview of Irish Live Crustacean Fisheries Ian Lawler .......................................................................................................207 The Construction of a Commercial Live Seafood Transshipment Facility: Review of General Specifications Jon Chaiton .....................................................................................................215 An Insight into the Shanghai Market for Imported Live Seafood Thomas Liu .....................................................................................................221 REGULATORY CONCERNS ASSOCIATED WITH THE TRANSPORT OF LIVE AQUATICS The National Seafood Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point Program and the Live Seafood Industry Donald Kramer ...............................................................................................227 Restraints to Shipping Live Product: Lessons from the AquaSeed Corporation Experience Per Heggelund .................................................................................................231 v Contents Shipping Live Aquatic Products: Biological, Regulatory, and Environmental Considerations John G. Nickum ..............................................................................................237 NONINDIGENOUS SPECIES AND THE LIVE AQUATIC INDUSTRY: THE PROBLEM OF EXOTIC INTRODUCTIONS Do Live Marine Products Serve as Pathways for the Introduction of Nonindigenous Species? Annette M. Olson ............................................................................................243 Live Seafood: A Recipe for Biological and Regulatory Concern? Todd W. Miller, John W. Chapman, and Eugene V. Coan ............................249 Review of Impacts of Aquatic Exotic Species: What’s at Risk? Paul Heimowitz ..............................................................................................257 Impact of the Green Crab on the Washington State Shellfish Aquaculture Industry Charlie Stephens .............................................................................................263 LIVE SHIPMENT QUALITY AND SAFETY A New Direction for Monitoring Lobster Meat Yield, Using Advances in Acoustic Probing R.J. Cawthorn, A. Battison, J. Guigné, K. Klein, Q. Liu, A. MacKenzie, R. MacMillan, and D. Rainnie..............................................267 Using HACCP Principles and Physiological Studies to Improve Marketing Practices for Live Crustaceans S. Gomez-Jimenez, R.F. Uglow, R. Pacheco-Aguilar and L.O. Noriega-Orozco .......................................................................................271 Live Seafood Holding Systems: Review of Systems and Components John Chaiton ..................................................................................................283 Participants ........................................................................................................... 291 Index ...................................................................................................................... 295 vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The meeting “Marketing and Shipping Live Aquatic Products: Second International Conference and Exhibition” was held November 14-17, 1999 in Seattle, Washington. John Peters was conference manager. Session chairs include Donald Kramer, Roger Uglow, Allison Rice, Edward Kolbe, Paul Olin, Mike Stekoll, John Ewart, Brian Paust, John Richards, Christopher DeWees, Jodi Cassell, Skip Kemp, John Chaiton, Raymond RaLonde, Quentin Fong, Annette Olson, Scott Smith, and Charles Crapo. The meeting was sponsored by AFDF, Alaska Department of Commerce and Economic Development, Alaska Science and Technology Foundation, Alaska Seafood Marketing Institute, Anchorage International Airport, California Sea Grant, CFAB, National Sea Grant Office, Nor’westerly Food Technology Services, Oregon Sea Grant, Seafood Business, University of Alaska Sea Grant and Marine Advisory Program, University of Delaware Sea Grant, and Woods Hole Sea Grant. Julie Carpenter of the Alaska Marine Advisory Program helped make travel and financial arrangements for the meeting. The proceedings book was published by University of Alaska Sea Grant. Sue Keller copy-edited and arranged the production of the book, Kathy Kurtenbach formatted the text pages, and Tatiana Piatanova designed the cover vii Marketing and Shipping Live Aquatic Products 1 University of Alaska Sea Grant • AK-SG-01-03, 2001 Physiological Responses of Blue Crabs (Callinectes sp.) to Procedures Used in the Soft Crab Fishery in La Laguna de Terminos, Mexico Angela R. Danford and Roger F. Uglow University of Hull, Hull, U.K. Carlos Rosas Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campeche, Mexico ABSTRACT cussed in the context of possible procedural chang- The blue crab fishery in La Laguna de Terminos, es that would reduce losses, thus increasing pro- Campeche, Mexico includes Callinectes sapidus, duction without the need for increased landings. C. rathbunae, and C. danae. These species are morphologically similar but differ in their physio- INTRODUCTION logical requirements, salinity tolerance, and distri- bution. They are treated identically by the local This paper deals with the physiological responses fishermen, who sell them to suppliers of soft crabs in of blue crabs, Callinectes sp., to procedures used in the United States. Despite their physical similari- the soft crab fishery in the Laguna de Terminos, ties, the species differ in their distributions within Mexico. A “soft-shell” crab is an animal that has the lagoon system and have very different physio- just molted and is considered a delicacy in the res- logical requirements. taurant market of the United States. The holding and transporting of live shellfish is now a common Following capture, the crabs must tolerate a vari- event in the specialized trade of crabs, lobsters, and ety of post-harvest stresses, including periods of air prawns. Many current practices have arisen purely exposure, temperature and/or salinity changes, han- by trial and error and often without much real thought dling, and interactions with other crab. At the shed- about the physiological requirements of a particular ding factory, they are kept at ambient temperature species. The natural environments of shellfish vary (range 27-35°C) and local salinity (5-10 ppt) until widely in terms of physical and chemical details they molt, or, in the case of C. danae, probably die. such as water salinity and temperature. Hence, hold- ing and transporting systems used for one species may Ammonia efflux rates were used as an indicator of not be appropriate for another. For example, the the severity and types of stress. At 30 minutes after edible crab Cancer pagurus can be transported dry handling, effluxes were 2.04±0.12, 0.18±0.13, and for periods up to 2 days. The velvet crab, Necora 2.14±0.46 µmol NH 4 per gram per hour respectively puber, on the other hand, inhabits a similar envi- for C. sapidus, C. rathbunae, and C. danae. After 4 ronment, but is much less tolerant of air exposure. hours, these rates had dropped to 0.18±0.02, 0.21±0.03, and 0.56±0.18 µmol NH 4 per gram per The expansion of fisheries worldwide has meant hour. Callinectes sapidus and C. rathbunae did not that old resource bases are becoming less reliable alter ammonia efflux rates significantly on transfer and more priority is being given to developing un- to diluted seawater and were shown to be efficient derutilized areas. The coastline of the gulf states of osmoregulators, but C. danae showed large indi- Mexico is one such and with the American market vidual variability of response to dilution. Following close by, new attempts are being made to improve a 4 hour period in air, all three species showed el- communications and international trading. evated ammonia excretion levels when reimmersed. After 60 minutes, the efflux rates had reverted to The fishing industry in Mexico is still developing “normal” pre-emersion values. The findings are dis- rapidly. Considering the abundance of commercial

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