Marketing and Shipping Live Aquatic Products

321 Pages·2002·3.05 MB·English

Marketing
and Shipping
Proceedings of the Second International Conference and Exhibition,
November 1999, Seattle, Washington
Edited by Brian C. Paust and Allison A. Rice
Published by University of Alaska Sea Grant College Program
Report No. AK-SG-01-03
Elmer E. Rasmuson Library Cataloging in Publication Data:
Marketing and Shipping Live Aquatic Products (2nd : 1999 : Seattle, Wash.)
Marketing and shipping live aquatic products : proceedings of the second International
Conference and Exhibition, November 1999, Seattle, Washington / Edited by Brian C.
Paust and Allison A. Rice. – Fairbanks, Alaska : University of Alaska Sea Grant Col-
lege Program, [2001].
308 p. : ill. ; cm. – (University of Alaska Sea Grant College Program ; AK-SG-01-03)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Aquatic animals—Transportation—Congresses. 2. Aquatic animals—Marketing—
Congresses. 3. Aquatic animals—Housing—Congresses. 4. Aquatic animals—Law and
legislation—Congresses. 3. Seafood industry—Quality control—Congresses. I. Title.
II. Paust, Brian C. III. Rice, Allison A. IV. Series: Alaska Sea Grant College Program
report ; AK-SG-01-03.
HD9450.5 M37 1999
ISBN 1-56612-067-5
Citation for this volume is B.C. Paust and A.A. Rice (eds.). 2001. Marketing and
shipping live aquatic products: Proceedings of the Second International Conference and
Exhibition, November 1999, Seattle, WA. University of Alaska Sea Grant, AK-SG-01-03,
Fairbanks.
CREDITS
This book is published by the University of Alaska Sea Grant College Program, which is
cooperatively supported by the U.S. Department of Commerce, NOAA National Sea Grant
Office, grant no. NA86RG-0050, projects A/151-01 and A/161-01; and by the University
of Alaska Fairbanks with state funds. The University of Alaska is an affirmative action/
equal opportunity institution.
Sea Grant is a unique partnership with public and private sectors combining research,
education, and technology transfer for public service. This national network of universities
meets changing environmental and economic needs of people in our coastal, ocean, and
Great Lakes regions.
O
University of Alaska Sea Grant
P.O. Box 755040
205 O’Neill Bldg.
Fairbanks, Alaska 99775-5040
N
Toll free [phone]
[phone] • Fax [phone]
http://www.uaf.edu/seagrant/
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CONTENTS
Acknowledgments ................................................................................................ vii
PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ANIMALS DESTINED
FOR LIVE AND ORNAMENTAL MARKETS
Physiological Responses of Blue Crabs (Callinectes sp.) to
Procedures Used in the Soft Crab Fishery in
La Laguna de Terminos, Mexico
Angela R. Danford, Roger F. Uglow, and Carlos Rosas ...................................1
Effect of Long-Haul International Transport on Lobster
Hemolymph Constituents and Nitrogen Metabolism
Angela R. Danford, Roger F. Uglow, and John Garland .................................9
Physiological Stress Response in Fish
George Iwama ...................................................................................................19
Critical Oxygen Point in Yellowleg Shrimp (Farfantepenaeus
californiensis): A Potential Species for the Live Seafood Trade
Lucía Ocampo V. ...............................................................................................23
SOCIAL, ETHICAL, AND HUMANITARIAN CONSIDERATIONS
Animal Rights Advocacy, Public Perception,
and the Trade in Live Animals
Paul G. Olin ......................................................................................................27
Animal Ethics and the Live Aquatic Animal Trade
Bernard E. Rollin .............................................................................................35
LIVE HOLDING SYSTEM ENGINEERING AND WATER QUALITY
Holding Tank System for Reconditioning Transport
of Live Cod Recently Captured in Deep Water
Hans-Peder Pedersen and Arnt Amble ............................................................45
Short-Term Holding and Live Transport of Aquatic Animals:
An Overview of Problems and Some Historic Solutions
David J. Scarratt ..............................................................................................51
Live Fish Handling Strategies from Boat to Retail Establishment
John Seccombe ..................................................................................................57
ORNAMENTAL SPECIES INDUSTRY
Florida’s Ornamental Marine Life Industry
Sherry L. Larkin, Donna J. Lee, Robert L. Degner,
J. Walter Milon, and Charles M. Adams ........................................................63
iii
Contents
Shipping Practices in the Ornamental Fish Industry
Brian Cole, Clyde S. Tamaru, Rich Bailey, Christopher Brown,
and Harry Ako ..................................................................................................73
The Ornamental Fish Industry
Craig A. Watson ................................................................................................87
LIVE SHIPMENT OF MARINE ALGAE AND AQUATIC PLANTS
Live Rockweed (Ascophyllum) used as a Shipping Medium
for the Live Transport of Marine Baitworms from Maine
Stephen E. Crawford ........................................................................................95
Shipping and Handling the Marine Algae Macrocystis in Alaska
Thea Thomas ....................................................................................................99
LIVE SHIPMENT OF MOLLUSKS AND CRUSTACEANS
Live Transport of the Great Scallop (Pecten maximus)
Toril Overaa ....................................................................................................105
Handling and Shipping of Live Northeast Pacific Scallops:
Larvae to Adults
William A. Heath ............................................................................................ 111
The Harvest and Culture of Live Freshwater
Aquatic Invertebrates
Barry Thoele ....................................................................................................125
Optimizing Waterless Shipping Conditions for
Macrobrachium rosenbergii
John Kubaryk and Carol Harper ..................................................................131
Keeping Baitfish Alive and Healthy in Holding Tanks:
Tips for Retail Outlets
Hugh Thomforde .............................................................................................141
What’s New in Live Fish and Shellfish At-Sea Holding Systems:
High Tech and Low Tech
Mick Kronman ................................................................................................145
Opportunity or Threat? Implications of the Live Halibut
Fishery in British Columbia from the Harvester Perspective
Kim Mauriks ...................................................................................................151
RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ISSUES AND THE
DEVELOPING LIVE HARVEST INDUSTRY
Resource Management and Environmental Issues Concerning
Live Halibut Landings
Bruce M. Leaman ...........................................................................................155
iv
Contents
Sterling Pacific Halibut: A New Approach
Kim Mauriks ...................................................................................................159
Resource Management Issues in California’s Commercial
Nearshore Live/Premium Finfish Fishery
Christine Pattison ...........................................................................................163
Shipping Live Fish into British Columbia, Canada:
Basic Regulatory Requirements
Dorothee Kieser ...............................................................................................171
Resource Management Issues: Question and Answer Session
Bruce M. Leaman, Kim Mauriks, and Christine Pattison ...........................177
MARKETING LIVE SEAFOOD AND ORNAMENTAL PRODUCTS
The Live Reef Food Fish Trade in Hong Kong:
Problems and Prospects
Yvonne Sadovy ................................................................................................183
Marketing Aspects of the Live Seafood Trade in
Hong Kong and the People’s Republic of China
Patrick S.W. Chan ..........................................................................................193
Wholesale and Retail Marketing Aspects of the
Hong Kong Live Seafood Business
Patrick S.W. Chan ..........................................................................................201
An Overview of Irish Live Crustacean Fisheries
Ian Lawler .......................................................................................................207
The Construction of a Commercial Live Seafood
Transshipment Facility: Review of General Specifications
Jon Chaiton .....................................................................................................215
An Insight into the Shanghai Market for Imported Live Seafood
Thomas Liu .....................................................................................................221
REGULATORY CONCERNS ASSOCIATED
WITH THE TRANSPORT OF LIVE AQUATICS
The National Seafood Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point
Program and the Live Seafood Industry
Donald Kramer ...............................................................................................227
Restraints to Shipping Live Product: Lessons from
the AquaSeed Corporation Experience
Per Heggelund .................................................................................................231
v
Contents
Shipping Live Aquatic Products: Biological,
Regulatory, and Environmental Considerations
John G. Nickum ..............................................................................................237
NONINDIGENOUS SPECIES AND THE LIVE AQUATIC INDUSTRY:
THE PROBLEM OF EXOTIC INTRODUCTIONS
Do Live Marine Products Serve as Pathways for
the Introduction of Nonindigenous Species?
Annette M. Olson ............................................................................................243
Live Seafood: A Recipe for Biological and Regulatory Concern?
Todd W. Miller, John W. Chapman, and Eugene V. Coan ............................249
Review of Impacts of Aquatic Exotic Species: What’s at Risk?
Paul Heimowitz ..............................................................................................257
Impact of the Green Crab on the Washington State Shellfish
Aquaculture Industry
Charlie Stephens .............................................................................................263
LIVE SHIPMENT QUALITY AND SAFETY
A New Direction for Monitoring Lobster Meat Yield,
Using Advances in Acoustic Probing
R.J. Cawthorn, A. Battison, J. Guigné, K. Klein, Q. Liu,
A. MacKenzie, R. MacMillan, and D. Rainnie..............................................267
Using HACCP Principles and Physiological Studies
to Improve Marketing Practices for Live Crustaceans
S. Gomez-Jimenez, R.F. Uglow, R. Pacheco-Aguilar and
L.O. Noriega-Orozco .......................................................................................271
Live Seafood Holding Systems: Review of Systems
and Components
John Chaiton ..................................................................................................283
Participants ........................................................................................................... 291
Index ...................................................................................................................... 295
vi
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The meeting “Marketing and Shipping Live Aquatic Products: Second International
Conference and Exhibition” was held November 14-17, 1999 in Seattle, Washington.
John Peters was conference manager. Session chairs include Donald Kramer,
Roger Uglow, Allison Rice, Edward Kolbe, Paul Olin, Mike Stekoll, John Ewart,
Brian Paust, John Richards, Christopher DeWees, Jodi Cassell, Skip Kemp,
John Chaiton, Raymond RaLonde, Quentin Fong, Annette Olson, Scott Smith, and
Charles Crapo. The meeting was sponsored by AFDF, Alaska Department of Commerce
and Economic Development, Alaska Science and Technology Foundation, Alaska Seafood
Marketing Institute, Anchorage International Airport, California Sea Grant, CFAB,
National Sea Grant Office, Nor’westerly Food Technology Services, Oregon Sea Grant,
Seafood Business, University of Alaska Sea Grant and Marine Advisory Program,
University of Delaware Sea Grant, and Woods Hole Sea Grant. Julie Carpenter of the
Alaska Marine Advisory Program helped make travel and financial arrangements for
the meeting.
The proceedings book was published by University of Alaska Sea Grant. Sue Keller
copy-edited and arranged the production of the book, Kathy Kurtenbach formatted the
text pages, and Tatiana Piatanova designed the cover
vii
Marketing and Shipping Live Aquatic Products 1
University of Alaska Sea Grant • AK-SG-01-03, 2001
Physiological Responses of Blue Crabs (Callinectes sp.) to
Procedures Used in the Soft Crab Fishery in
La Laguna de Terminos, Mexico
Angela R. Danford and Roger F. Uglow
University of Hull, Hull, U.K.
Carlos Rosas
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campeche, Mexico
ABSTRACT
cussed in the context of possible procedural chang-
The blue crab fishery in La Laguna de Terminos, es that would reduce losses, thus increasing pro-
Campeche, Mexico includes Callinectes sapidus, duction without the need for increased landings.
C. rathbunae, and C. danae. These species are
morphologically similar but differ in their physio-
INTRODUCTION
logical requirements, salinity tolerance, and distri-
bution. They are treated identically by the local This paper deals with the physiological responses
fishermen, who sell them to suppliers of soft crabs in of blue crabs, Callinectes sp., to procedures used in
the United States. Despite their physical similari- the soft crab fishery in the Laguna de Terminos,
ties, the species differ in their distributions within Mexico. A “soft-shell” crab is an animal that has
the lagoon system and have very different physio- just molted and is considered a delicacy in the res-
logical requirements. taurant market of the United States. The holding
and transporting of live shellfish is now a common
Following capture, the crabs must tolerate a vari- event in the specialized trade of crabs, lobsters, and
ety of post-harvest stresses, including periods of air prawns. Many current practices have arisen purely
exposure, temperature and/or salinity changes, han- by trial and error and often without much real thought
dling, and interactions with other crab. At the shed- about the physiological requirements of a particular
ding factory, they are kept at ambient temperature species. The natural environments of shellfish vary
(range 27-35°C) and local salinity (5-10 ppt) until widely in terms of physical and chemical details
they molt, or, in the case of C. danae, probably die. such as water salinity and temperature. Hence, hold-
ing and transporting systems used for one species may
Ammonia efflux rates were used as an indicator of not be appropriate for another. For example, the
the severity and types of stress. At 30 minutes after edible crab Cancer pagurus can be transported dry
handling, effluxes were 2.04±0.12, 0.18±0.13, and for periods up to 2 days. The velvet crab, Necora
2.14±0.46 µmol NH
4 per gram per hour respectively puber, on the other hand, inhabits a similar envi-
for C. sapidus, C. rathbunae, and C. danae. After 4 ronment, but is much less tolerant of air exposure.
hours, these rates had dropped to 0.18±0.02,
0.21±0.03, and 0.56±0.18 µmol NH
4 per gram per The expansion of fisheries worldwide has meant
hour. Callinectes sapidus and C. rathbunae did not that old resource bases are becoming less reliable
alter ammonia efflux rates significantly on transfer and more priority is being given to developing un-
to diluted seawater and were shown to be efficient derutilized areas. The coastline of the gulf states of
osmoregulators, but C. danae showed large indi- Mexico is one such and with the American market
vidual variability of response to dilution. Following close by, new attempts are being made to improve
a 4 hour period in air, all three species showed el- communications and international trading.
evated ammonia excretion levels when reimmersed.
After 60 minutes, the efflux rates had reverted to The fishing industry in Mexico is still developing
“normal” pre-emersion values. The findings are dis- rapidly. Considering the abundance of commercial