Maritime Security and the Law of the Sea PDF
Preview Maritime Security and the Law of the Sea
MARITIME SECURITY AND THE LAW OF THE SEA OXFORD MONOGRAPHS IN INTERNATIONAL LAW GeneralEditors PROFESSOR VAUGHAN LOWE QC ChicheleProfessorofPublicInternationalLawintheUniversityofOxford andFellowofAllSoulsCollege,Oxford PROFESSOR DAN SAROOSHI ProfessorofPublicInternationalLawintheUniversityofOxford andFellowofTheQueen’sCollege,Oxford PROFESSOR STEFAN TALMON ProfessorofPublicInternationalLawintheUniversityofOxford andFellowofSt.Anne’sCollege,Oxford Maritime Security and the Law of the Sea OXFORD MONOGRAPHS IN INTERNATIONAL LAW Theaimofthisseriesistopublishimportantandoriginalpiecesofresearch onallaspectsofinternationallaw.Topicsthataregiveparticularpromin- encearethosewhich,whileofinteresttotheacademiclawyer,alsohave importantbearingonissueswhichtouchtheactualconductofinternational relations.Nonetheless,theseriesiswideinscopeandincludesmonographs onthehistoryandphilosophicalfoundationsofinternationallaw. recenttitlesintheseries DisobeyingtheSecurityCouncil CountermeasuresAgainstWrongfulSanctions AntoniosTzanakopoulos TheCollectiveResponsibilityofStatestoProtectRefugees AgnèsHurwitz JurisdictioninInternationalLaw CedricRyngaert TheInterpretationofActsandRulesinPublicInternationalLaw AlexanderOrakhelashvili TargetedKillinginInternationalLaw NilsMelzer TheFairandEquitableTreatmentStandardin InternationalForeignInvestmentLaw IoanaTudor TheImmunityofStatesandTheirOfficialsin InternationalCriminalLawand InternationalHumanRightsLaw RosannevanAlebeek DefiningTerrorisminInternationalLaw BenSaul DiplomaticProtection ChittharanjanF.Amerasinghe Maritime Security and the Law of the Sea NATALIE KLEIN 1 3 GreatClarendonStreet,Oxfordox26dp OxfordUniversityPressisadepartmentoftheUniversityofOxford. ItfurtherstheUniversity’sobjectiveofexcellenceinresearch,scholarship, andeducationbypublishingworldwidein Oxford NewYork Auckland CapeTown DaresSalaam HongKong Karachi KualaLumpur Madrid Melbourne MexicoCity Nairobi NewDelhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto Withofficesin Argentina Austria Brazil Chile CzechRepublic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore SouthKorea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam OxfordisaregisteredtrademarkofOxfordUniversityPress intheUKandincertainothercountries PublishedintheUnitedStates byOxfordUniversityPressInc.,NewYork #NatalieKlein2011 Themoralrightsoftheauthorhavebeenasserted DatabaserightOxfordUniversityPress(maker) Firstpublished2011 Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced, storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans, withoutthepriorpermissioninwritingofOxfordUniversityPress, orasexpresslypermittedbylaw,orundertermsagreedwiththeappropriate reprographicsrightsorganization.Enquiriesconcerningreproduction outsidethescopeoftheaboveshouldbesenttotheRightsDepartment, OxfordUniversityPress,attheaddressabove Youmustnotcirculatethisbookinanyotherbindingorcover andyoumustimposethesameconditiononanyacquirer BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData Dataavailable LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationData Dataavailable TypesetbySPIPublisherServices,Pondicherry,India PrintedinGreatBritain onacid-freepaperby CPIAntonyRowe,Chippenham,Wiltshire ISBN 978–0–19–956653–2 1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2 Dedicated to my mother, Sue Klein ’ General Editors Preface ‘Maritime security’ is an amorphous concern sitting within a reasonably well- defined legal framework. It embraces matters such as piracy, terrorism, drug- traffickingandthetraffickinginpersons,andlarge-scaleillegalfishing.Thepeculiar characteristicofthecumulationofthesethreatsandconcernsisthattheboardingof aforeignshipatseamaydiscloseapiratedeemedtheenemyofallmankindoran asylum-seekerentitledtoarangeofproceduralandsubstantiverights,oranyother of a range of radically-different legal situations. This, coupled with the possibility that the boarding State and its laws and interests may be far removed from the nearestcoastalStatesandtheirdomesticlegalsystemsandnationalinterests,makes themanagementofmaritimesecurityaparticularlycomplexlegaltask.Yetthisarea hasalsoseensomeoftheboldestlegalinnovationsininternationallegalcollabora- tiontocounterthethreats. Dr Klein’s timely study gives a lucid account of the current state of the law applicableinthese contextsandoftheimpressivebodyofinternationalcollabora- tivearrangements,andashrewdassessmentofthewaysinwhichthelawmightbest develop.Itisarewardingstudynotonlyforthoseconcernedwiththelawofthesea but for all concerned to foster international cooperation in addressing the threats facingtheworld. AVL Oxford.28October2010 Foreword Thelawofthesea,morethanotherprovincesofinternationallaw,hasproveditself capable of generating passionate ideological conflicts between so-called ‘inter- nationalists’ and ‘nationalists’. ‘Internationalists’ insist that the summum bonum is tobeachievedbysubjectingmoreandmoreoftheoceanspaceanditsdiverseuses to direct international control; for ‘nationalists’, by contrast, the summum bonum requiresthepreservationofnationalcontrolinasmuchofthemaritimeareaandfor asmanyofitsusesaspossible. AdaptingMyresMcDougal’sseminalapproach,ProfessorNatalieKlein,inthis splendid study of the new challenges to maritime security (and the opportunities they present), shows that conceiving of the law of the sea as a sort of zero-sum conflict between internationalists and nationalists obscures the true nature of the dynamic process of decision which structures and maintains the public order of the oceans. This process is continuously clarifying the ‘common interest’ and adaptingittonewsituationsanddemandsforinnovativeresourceuses—acollect- ive effort which seeks to optimize the uses of maritime space for the entire community,bytakingintoaccounttheinterestsofallactors.Thecommoninterest is implemented, at any moment, by means of both inclusive and exclusive alloca- tions of competence: inclusive allocations assign competences to the international communityandprecludeindividualstateactorsfromappropriatingmaritimespace or resources for their exclusive use, while exclusive allocations enable individual stateactorstoexcludeotheractorsfromsomeareasanduses. These respective allocations are determined, in an ongoing process of decision, by reference to factors such as the nature of the use or resource in question in present and projected contexts and in terms of the most general international policies about the efficient production and widest sharing of the values at stake. The point of emphasis is that the common interest at any moment involves combinations of inclusive and exclusive competences. The ongoing challenge to scholars and decision makers is how to conceive of, fashion and implement those combinations. Viewedintheseterms,HugoGrotius’sconceptofmareliberumisseenasmore ofasloganaboutoptimizingtheusesoftheoceanforallusersthanamethodology for actually accomplishing it through time and changing environments. What is requiredtomakethesloganeffectiveisapraxisfordecidingwhichnewstateclaims, whetherforinclusiveorexclusiveuse,soundinthecommoninterest,andwhich— howevertheymaybepackaged—aredemandsforspecialintereststhatareincom- patiblewiththecommoninterestandshouldthereforeberejected.Thisisprecisely whatProfessorKleinprovides. This form of inquiry has proved its utility in the appraisal of claims to extend territorialand‘patrimonial’seas; toenclose hithertohigh seas areasfor short-term viii Foreword orextendedexclusiveuses;toregulatefisheriesortheresourcesofthedeepsea,and soon.Itis,asProfessorKleindemonstrates,particularlyusefulforconceptualizing and evaluating, in terms of the common interest, contemporary claims for reallo- cating competences to serve various inclusive and exclusive maritime security concerns. The elaboration and application of this method will hopefully press policy-makers, as she writes, to an ‘adjustment in mindset or outlook when it comestodealingwithquestionsofmaritimesecurity’. In this period of heightened anxiety about maritime security threats, such an adjustmentinmindsetandoutlookisurgentanditispersuasivelypresentedhere. ProfessorKlein’sbookisanimportantandtimelyadditiontotheliteratureonthe lawofthesea. W.MichaelReisman YaleLawSchool, 11August2010 Preface The idea for this book grew out of an interest in maritime security triggered by formerPrimeMinisterHoward’sannouncementofaMaritimeIdentificationZone thatwouldextend1,000nauticalmilesfromAustralia’slengthycoastlineandentail interdiction of vessels that refused to provide identification information. My examination of this issue led me to a vast range of legal developments that were principally motivated by the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks on the United States. There seemed to be a snowball effect as one scenario after another was conceived of and attempts were made to respond to perceptions of burgeoning maritime securitythreats from legal, political, andoperational perspectives. These developments occurred amid existing legal structures that reflected long-held and enduringsecurityinterests. The aim of this book was not only to consider the recent developments in the law of the sea in seeking to improve maritime security, but more so to assess the totality of these changes against existing legal structures relevant to maritime security, taking into account some of the political dimensions that have coloured the legal developments. In attempting to take a holistic approach, it is inevitable that there will be regional agreements or arrangements or other multilateral, bilateral, or unilateral endeavours that have not been addressed. I have instead soughttoexaminesomeofthekeyexamplestosupport(ortemper)myargument. In this undertaking, it is hoped that the analysis will be of interest and use to all stakeholdersinmaritimesecurityforexaminingandhighlightingabroadspectrum of legal dimensions to maritime security, and for proposing where existing weak- nessescouldorshouldbeovercome. As this book has been in progress over several years, some sources previously availableontheinternethavebeenremoved.Ihaveattemptedtoprovideasmuch bibliographic information as possible or indicated where the website is no longer available.Theinternetaddresseswereotherwisecurrentasof31May2010. NatalieKlein May2010
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