Maritime Hunter-Gatherers in the Chonos Archipelago (43°50'–46°50' S)

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Maritime Hunter-Gatherers in the
Chonos Archipelago (43°50’–46°50’ S),
Western Patagonian Channels
Omar Reyes Báeza, Mauricio Moragabc, César Méndezb & Alexander
Cherkinskyd
a Instituto de la Patagonia, Centro de Estudios del Hombre Austral,
Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile
b Departamento de Antropología, Universidad de Chile, Santiago,
Chile
Click for updates
c Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago,
Chile
d Center for Applied Isotope Studies, University of Georgia, Athens,
Georgia, USA
Published online: 03 Mar 2015.
To cite this article: Omar Reyes Báez, Mauricio Moraga, César Méndez & Alexander Cherkinsky
(2015): Maritime Hunter-Gatherers in the Chonos Archipelago (43°50’–46°50’ S), Western Patagonian
Channels, The Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology, DOI: 10.1080/15564894.2014.1001920
To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15564894.2014.1001920
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JournalofIsland&CoastalArchaeology,00:1–25,2015
Copyright©2015Taylor&FrancisGroup,LLC
ISSN:1556-4894print /1556-1828online
DOI:10.1080/15564894.2014.1001920
Maritime Hunter-Gatherers in the
◦ ◦
Chonos Archipelago (43 50’–46 50’ S),
Western Patagonian Channels
Omar Reyes Ba´ez,1 Mauricio Moraga,2,3 Ce´sar Me´ndez,2
and Alexander Cherkinsky4
1InstitutodelaPatagonia,CentrodeEstudiosdelHombreAustral,Universidad
deMagallanes,PuntaArenas,Chile
2DepartamentodeAntropolog´ıa,UniversidaddeChile,Santiago,Chile
3InstitutodeCienciasBiom´edicas,UniversidaddeChile,Santiago,Chile
5 4CenterforAppliedIsotopeStudies,UniversityofGeorgia,Athens,Georgia,USA
1
0
2
h
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a
M ABSTRACT
6
0
6 Thisarticlepresentsthecurrentadvancesinarcheologicalresearchon
9:5 theWesternPatagonianChannels,specificallytheChonosArchipelago
0 (43◦50’–46◦50’S).Basedonalargespatialscale,weaimtocontribute
] at tothediscussionofthedispersionandcharacteristicsoftheoccupation
es ofthePacificcoastofsouthernmostSouthAmerica.Resultsshowthat
y
e allofthecontextsrecordeddonotexceed3600calBP.Siteformation
r
ar processesthatmayhaveactedinthepreservationofthearcheological
m
record of this area led us to question if this region was among the
o
y [ last to be settled (as suggested by current chronological data), or if
d b thedynamictectonicactivitythatpermanentlytransformsthiscoastis
e playingamajorroleinconcealingearlierevidence,therebyintroducing
d
oa asignificantresearchbias.
nl
w
o Keywords archipelagic settlements, Late Holocene, maritime hunter-gatherers, site
D
formationprocesses,WesternPatagonianChannels
INTRODUCTION Pleistocene and throughout the Holocene
(Aniya1999;Fairbanks1989;Isla1989;Long
The permanent degradation and transfor- 2001;NakadaandLambeck1988)hasbeen
mation of coastlines caused by the fluctu- problematic for the archaeological identi-
ations of sea levels since the end of the fication and interpretation of sites on the
Received13January2014;accepted15July2014.
AddresscorrespondencetoOmarReyesB´aez,InstitutodelaPatagonia,CentrodeEstudiosdelHom-
breAustral,UniversidaddeMagallanes,Av.Bulnes01890,Casilla113-D,PuntaArenas,Chile.E-mail:
[email protected]
Color versions of one or more of the figures in the article can be found online at
http://www.tandfonline.com/uica.
1
Omar Reyes Ba´ez et al.
American coasts (e.g., Bailey 2004; Erland- of the evidence and the temporality of the
son2001;GusickandFaught2011;Richard- settlementonthecontinent’sPacificmargin
son1981).Thesetransformationsinfluenced (e.g.,Dillehay2009;Erlandson1993).
the dependency relationship of these com- Taking into account sea-level changes,
munities with their maritime or coastal theactivelocalseismicdynamics,andtheef-
environment (Bailey and Parkington 1988; fectsoftheseoncoastalarcheologicalsites,
Erlandson and Fitzpatrick 2006). Under- we have surveyed a previously understud-
standing changes in accessibility of these iedzoneofthenorthernarchipelagosofthe
spaces and the local redistribution of ex- Western Patagonian Channels. In this arti-
ploitable resources on timescales of hun- cle, we present the first archaeological as-
dreds or thousands of years requires pale- sessment of the human settlement in the
ogeographical and paleoenvironmental re- ChonosArchipelago(43◦50’—46◦50’S;see
constructions in order to guide the search Figure1),whichincludes:1)thedescription
for archaeological evidence. The degree of oftheresearchmethod;2)theidentification
preservationofthesespacesisalsostrongly andsystematicrecordingofthearchaeologi-
associated with the changes in the land- calsitesassociatedwiththesecoastlines;3)
5 scape, which were frequently catastrophic the description and assessment of the geo-
01 (Lomnitz 1970). Only with this informa- morphologicalchangesthataffectthelatter;
2
h tion can the regional cultural development and4)thestudyofthearchaeologicalcollec-
rc ofcoastalsettlementsbeinterpreted(Dille- tions.Thisassessmentenablesustoadvance
a
M hay et al. 2008; Fedje and Christensen an initial panorama of the settlement, both
6 1999; Mackie et al. 2011; Thompson and spatiallyandchronologically,inthecontext
0
6 Worth2011). ofmarineadaptationonthesoutherntipof
5
9: On the margin of the American Pacific theAmericancontinent.
at 0 therearevastareas,someofwhichhavenot
] yet been investigated, with coastlines sub-
s
e jecttopermanentchangesanderosionalpro-
y
re cesses (Punke and Davis 2006; Rick et al. CULTURALCONTEXT
ar 2006). The materials that define the occu-
m
o pation of these coastal spaces, the techno- On the southern tip of the Chilean Pacific
[
y logicalassemblages,andtheevidenceofthe coast, there is a long and complex net of
b
d consumed resources, are frequently recov- channels, fjords, and thousands of islands
de eredfromintertidalzonesordegradedcoasts knownasthe“AustralArchipelagos”orthe
a
o (ErlandsonandMoss1999).Therefore,itis “WesternPatagonianChannels”(Bird1988;
wnl necessarytodevelopstrategiesfortheloca- Emperaire1963;Steffen1910).Thisareaex-
o tion,recording,dating,andinterpretationof tends more than 1,600 km north-to-south
D
the material evidence of these settlements and reaches from the Reloncav´ı Sound to
tounderstandtheculturaldynamicsthatde- CapeHorn(41◦30’–55◦60’S).Thecoastline
finecoastaladaptation(e.g.,Bailey2004;Er- totals more 19,000 km with a surface area
landson2001;Yesner1980).Suchstrategies of 240,000 km2, which should be added to
willenableustomeasuretheunequaldistri- ˜240 km of coastline north of the Beagle
bution of the archaeological records in the Channel and south of Tierra del Fuego, in
region.Theimplicationsaretwofold.Atthe Argentina.Inthisvastarchipelagicarea,the
regional level and for Patagonia, it is possi- distinguishable maritime adaptations com-
bletodocumentadiversityofspacesoccu- menceapproximatelyat6400BP(7300cal
pied by maritime hunter-gatherers in areas BP)towardthesouthernmosttipoftheconti-
notpreviouslyexamined.Thisfactisimpor- nentaccordingtodataobtainedintheBeagle
tant because the archipelagic geography of Channel (Orquera et al. 2011; Orquera and
thestudyareaissingularforitsextension,re- Piana2009).
strictionofaccess,andweatherconditions. In this regional context, several top-
Additionally,atamegascale,ourresultscon- ics have been discussed. Among them, the
tribute to the discussion of the variability geographical origin of the maritime adap-
2 VOLUME00•ISSUE00• 2015
Western Patagonian Channels
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m Figure1. (a) Western Patagonianchannels, (b) Chonos archipelago and sites mentionedin this
[o study:1.Puqueldo´n,2.Repollal,3.Puquit´ın01,4.SenoGala1,5.IslaHarris,6.IslaSin
by Nombre,7.Canalad1,8.IslaBenajam´ın01,9.Ipu´n1,10.IslaElena1,11.IslaVictoria
d 2,12.CanalCuche1,13.IslaCaniglia,14.CanalDarwin(#1,2),15.Nahuelqu´ın(#1,2,
e
d 3),16.PosaLasConchillas,17.IslaAcuao1,and18.IslaGon˜i1.
a
o
nl
w
o tation stands out, whether it occurred in accessbecauseoftheirproximitytopopula-
D
the southern area (the Strait of Magel- tion centers. Our research, which focused
lan/Beagle Channel) or the northern area on undocumented sectors of the Western
(Chiloe´/Reloncav´ı Sound) (Legoupil 2003; Patagonian Channels, aims to include vast
LegoupilandFontugne1997;OrqueraandPi- coastalandinsularunexaminedspacesinthe
ana1988;Prietoetal.2013;Rivasetal.1999). regional archaeological discussion (Erland-
Whatwasthedispersionspeedofthisadapta- son 1993). The earliest archaeological site
tionphenomenon(Bird1938;Orqueraetal. recorded in the Chonos Archipelago corre-
2011)?Wastherecontinuityordiscontinuity spondstoGUA10,yieldinga5020 ±90BP
ofculturaltraditionsinthisvastarchipelagic 14Cage(5730calBP;Porter1993),whichcur-
territory(Legoupil1997,2003;Morelloetal. rentlystandsasanisolatedlocalitywithouta
2002;OcampoandRivas2004;Orqueraetal. regionalcontext.Additionally,ourresearch
2011; Piana and Orquera 2007)? The study representsanimportant steptowards char-
of these topics has been based on archaeo- acterizingthevariabilityofmaritimehunter-
logical research conducted in the two geo- gatherersettlementsandcalibratingthefor-
graphical extremes of this area, which also mation processes that inhibit or enable the
correspond to the sectors with the easiest
JOURNALOFISLAND&COASTALARCHAEOLOGY 3
Omar Reyes Ba´ez et al.
identificationofthearchaeologicalrecordin definedastemperateDonatiaandOreobo-
achangingcoastlinelandscape. lus coastal peatland (Luebert and Pliscoff
2006).Thevegetationiscontrolledlatitudi-
nallyandaltitudinallybystrongtemperature
gradients and precipitation (Abarzu´a et al.
STUDYAREA
2004;Sepu´lvedaetal.2009).
The rich fauna in the study area is rep-
TheChonosArchipelagoconsistsofagroup
resented by a diversity of sea mammals:
of more than 150 islands that form a dense
18 species of cetaceans, two pinnipeds,
netofchannelsandfjordswithnarrowand
twoseals,andtwomustelids(Aguayoetal.
abruptcoastlines.Thearchipelagoexpands
2006;Zamoranoetal.2010),inadditionto
betweenthesouthoftheChiloe´Archipelago
inthe GulfofCorcovado (43◦50’S)andthe 22 species of mollusks (bivalves and gas-
TaitaoPeninsula(46◦50’S).Itcoversanarea tropods),crustaceansandechinoderms(Os-
of ∼54,000 km2 that is nearly 360 km long orio and Reid 2004), 29 species of fish
(NavarroandPequen˜o1979),and46species
north-to-southand150kmeast-to-west.This
ofbirds(Vuilleumier1985).Incontrast,the
territoryislocatedtothewestoftheAndes
5 MountainsandwasintenselyshapedbyQua- terrestrial fauna on the islands are scarce
01 ternary glacier action (Bennett et al. 2000; (smallrodents).Onthecontinentalcoastline,
2
h Glasseretal.2004;Heusser2002;McCulloch the pudu´ (Pudu pudu), the huemul (Hip-
arc etal.2000).Theabrupttopographyincludes pocamelus bisulcus) and, occasionally, the
M puma (Felis concolor) are found (Gonz´alez
slopes of hundreds of meters, with depths
6 etal.2009).
0 of200and700mbslinthefjordsandchan-
6 nels.Thisregionalsopresentsanactivesub-
5
9: duction zone dominated by tectonic plates
0
at knownastheChilean Triple Junction(the MATERIALSANDMETHODS
] Nazca,SouthAmericanandAntarcticplates)
s
e
y and large faults that converge in the Taitao Acoastalsurveywasconductedtothewest
r re Peninsula(46◦–47◦S;D´ıaz-NaveasandFrutos of Traiguen Island, the Darwin and Cuche
ma 2010; Ramos 2005). The faults are respon- Channels, and the Smith Islands (Quetros,
o sible for major earthquakes and tsunamis, Renaico,Chaculay,andElena),thelatterlo-
[
y whichcontinuallymodifythecoast(Lomnitz catedattheAise´nfjord.Itwasperformedby
b
d 1970;PlafkerandSavage1970).IntheAndes, seabecausenavigationistheonlymeansof
e
d there is a chain of large volcanoes that re- transport that can access the channels and
a
nlo flectthistectonicactivity(NaranjoandStern coastsinthisterritory(Figure2).Thissurvey
w 2004) and which are responsible for a sub- included 250 km of coastline in an area of
o
D stantialportionofthesedimentofthenearby 60kmwest-to-eastand50kmnorth-to-south.
valleys. Coastalsitesareprimarilycomposedoflithic
The weather in the area is typically remains, bones, and mollusk shells or their
oceanicwithastronginfluenceofthewest- periostracae, which represent the archaeo-
ern winds, which cause significant precipi- logical evidence of camp sites of maritime
tation (>3000 mm per year) to the west of hunter-gatherers. Many of these sites have
theAndes(Garreaud2009).Theannualaver- beensubmergedand“washedaway”bythe
agetemperaturesareapproximately∼10◦C tides,thustheirremainsaremainlyrecorded
(DGA 2003). The dense vegetation dom- intheintertidalarea.Inthesecases,system-
inated by Nothofagus, Weinmannia, and aticcollectionwasperformedduringthelow
coniferscharacterizestheinteriorareaofthe tide.Primarily,lithicmaterialshowedsignifi-
fjords in the form of temperate rainforest, cantsignsoferosiononthesurfaces(Schiffer
whichistypicalofcoldandhumidregimes 1996).
(Villagr´an1988).Between43◦30’and45◦S, Inordertodetectsubsurfaceculturalde-
the vegetation is defined as temperate Pil- positsinlow-orzero-visibilityconditionsas
gerodendronandAsteliaconiferouscoastal aresultofdensevegetation,boreholeexca-
forest, whereas south of 45◦ to 51◦ S, it is vationswereperformedusinganAMS,Inc.,
4 VOLUME00•ISSUE00• 2015
Western Patagonian Channels
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Figure2. ImageofthemaritimesurveysalongChonosArchipelago,Galasound.
o
[
y
b
d kitwith60mmdiameterFrenchandDutch dens.Withoutexception,theseremainshave
e
ad augers.Sedimentcoresfromdepositsmore been looted, fragmented, or removed, and
o
nl than 5 m deep were extracted. The bore- their integrity is low. In exceptional cases,
w hole excavations detected highly obtrusive it was possible to conduct basic bioanthro-
o
D deposits(Lightfoot1986),suchasshellheaps pological analyses (to determine sex, age,
andpaleosols,andprovedtobeanefficient andminimum numberofindividuals (MNI)
tooltocalculatethevolumeoftheanthropic (Buiskstra and Ubelaker 1994). Therefore,
deposits (stratigraphic expression) and to our efforts focused on determining radio-
recover deep organic samples for dating. carbonchronologydirectlyfromthehuman
Thus,itispossibletoestablishsedimentation remains and performing isotopic analyses
ratesandtoassesstheaccumulationofwaste (δ13Ccollagenandδ15Ncollagen)tocharac-
deposits. terizethediet.All14Candstableisotopesam-
Thehumanboneremainsanalyzedcor- ples were carefully extracted to avoid con-
respondtoasample(n=10)oftheChonos tamination.Theseanalyseswereperformed
Collection of the Universidad de Chile, by the Center for Applied Isotope Studies,
whichwasrecoveredinthe1980sand1990s University of Georgia, using the method of
(OcampoandAspillaga1984;S´aez2008),but Cherkinskyetal.(2010).Crushedbonesam-
also includes new findings (n = 10; Reyes ples were diluted in 1N acetic acid to re-
et al. 2013). All of the remains were re- movecarbonates(surfaceabsorbedandsec-
covered in caves/rockshelters or shell mid- ondary). Periodic evacuation insured that
JOURNALOFISLAND&COASTALARCHAEOLOGY 5
Omar Reyes Ba´ez et al.
evolved carbon dioxide was removed from the signs of abrasion on the surfaces of the
the interior of the sample, and that fresh artifacts because these occurred frequently
acid was allowed to reach even the inte- asaresultoftheirintertidalexposure.
riormicro-surfaces.Chemicallycleanedsam-
pleswerereactedundervacuumwith100%
H3PO4inordertodissolvethebonemineral
RESULTS
and release carbon dioxide from bioapatite
for carbon isotope ratio analysis. Residues
The archeological survey on the Chonos
werefilteredandrinsedwithdeionizedwa-
Archipelagoallowedrecording10shellmid-
terandunderslightlyacidcondition(pH=
dens, two emerged intertidal management
3),heatedat80◦Cfor6hourstodissolvecol-
features (locally known as fishing pens),
lagenandleavehumicsubstancesinthepre-
andthreerockshelterswithscatteredhuman
cipitate.Thecollagensolutionwasfilteredto
boneassemblagesintheirinteriors(Table1).
isolatepurecollagesanddriedout.Thedried
Basedontheseresults,andthoseofother
collagen was combusted at 575◦C in evac-
researchers(Porter1993;Reyesetal.2007;
uated/sealed Pyrex ampoule in the present
SternandCurry1995;SternandPorter1991),
5 CuO.Thecarbondioxideandnitrogenwere it could be established that the location of
01 cryogenicallyseparated.Theisotopicratios thesesiteswaslimitedtotheintertidalzone
h 2 of carbon (13C/12C) and nitrogen (15N/14N) or a few meters from it (basal deposits be-
arc were measured separately, with a Finnigan tween0and3masl)becausetheruggedge-
M MAT 252 Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometer
ography and dense vegetation constrained
6 followinganoff-linesamplepreparation.The
0 settlement possibilities. Such sites are fre-
6 dual-inlet rationing system alternately mea- quentlyobservedinassociationwithcreeks.
5
9: suresunknownsampleandknownreference There is a high probability that numer-
at 0 gas to achieve a high-precision stable iso- ous sites remain undiscovered along our
] tope measurement. Calibration is made us- route.Thefirstfactorinfluencingsitedetec-
s
e ing NIST standard hydrocarbon oil, NBS-22
y tion is related to the rugged topography of
mar re (inNpoearktehsoeutsaal.n2d0(0(cid:2)6)).uTshinegratthioesδanroeteaxtiporne,sasnedd tcheesscibliiflfistya.loTnogththisefcaoctaostrs,wwehmicuhstlimadidtstahce-
o aremeasuredwithrespecttothelimestone weatherconditions,whichfrequentlymake
[
y Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite (V-PDB), in the navigationdifficult.Athirdfactoristhedense
d b caseofδ13Ccollagen,andtoatmosphericairni- vegetation that covers the coastline, which
de trogen(AIR),inthecaseofδ15N(Schwarcz preventsaccessandaffectsvisibility.Tocom-
a
wnlo a0n.1d(cid:2)Scfohroeδn13iCngaenrd2l0e1ss1)t.haEnrr0o.r2(cid:2)is lfeosrsδt1h5aNn. pweanssaanteefffiocriethnetswe,aythteosbaomrephleolientseecahrcnhiqfuoer
Do Allofthedateswerecalibratedat2σ range anthropogenicsedimentsandremains.How-
with OxCal 4.2 (Bronk Ramsey 2009) with ever, this technique is limited to in situ de-
theShCal13curve(Hoggetal.2013)andare positsandwithintherangeoftheavailable
expressedascalibratedyearsbeforepresent extensions(6m).Coringwasunevenlyper-
(calBP). formed along the coast, favoring areas suit-
Theanalysesoflithicmaterialincludeda ablefordisembarkationandwheretopogra-
sampleoftheartifactsrecoveredatdifferent phyandvegetationcoverallowed(Figure2).
sites of the intertidal zone, both within the Baysandbeachesprotectedfromthewind,
surveyedareaandfromtheCurryCollection locations near fresh water sources, and ar-
oftheInstitutodelaPatagonia,Universidad easwithplaintopographywerethemostfre-
deMagallanes.Giventheselectivenatureof quentplacesforsites.Inlandincursionsdid
thesample,theanalysesconsistedprimarily not surpass 40 to 50 meters from the line
ofatechno-typologicalclassification,which, of maximum tide. Once a site was discov-
however,includedtheobservationoftech- ered,coringwasusedindefiningitsexten-
nical attributes to understand the manufac- sionanddepthofdepositswithanaverage
turing method of some of the tools (Inizan of five borehole samples per site. A fourth
et al. 1995). Special attention was given to factor is related to the degradation of the
6 VOLUME00•ISSUE00• 2015
Sitetype Shellmiddenand intertidallithic scatterShellmidden Shellmidden Shellmiddenand intertidallithic scatter Shellmidden Shellmiddenand intertidallithic scatterCavewith dispersesurface humanremainsCavewith dispersesurface humanremainsShellmiddenand intertidallithic scatter uedonnextpage)
n
Preservation Tidalerosion Minoralterations Minoralterations Tidalerosion Minoralterations Minoralterations andtidalerosion Anthropogenic disturbance Anthropogenic disturbance Minoralterations (Conti
s
6 March 2015 Discoveryandrecoverytechniques Stratigraphic characterization, andboreholetestBoreholetests Boreholetests Stratigraphic characterization, intertidal collections,and boreholetestsBoreholetests Testpits,intertidal collections,and boreholetestsChonoscollection Chonoscollection Stratigraphic characterization, excavation, intertidal collections,and boreholetests
0
6
5 y
eyes] at 09: Chronolog(incal∗yrBP) 3400–1270 1910 530 3600 Modern 1330–1270 1470–770 2350–1760 1760–500
r
r
a
m m
o oe
wnloaded by [ inthisstudy.Distancefrshorelin(inm) 0 5 5 0 3 0 UK 15 5
o dt
D sdiscusseasedeposialtitude(inmasl) –1 2 2 1 2 –1 UK UK 2
xtB
e
t
n
o d
yofsitec atitudeanlongitude◦4539’S–◦46’W73 ◦22’S–45◦56’W73◦4526’S–◦56’W73◦4527’S–◦56’W73 ◦4526’S–◦06’W74◦4409’S–◦06’W73 ◦35’S–44◦43’W74 ◦4514’S–◦55’W73 ◦4527’S–◦21’W73
r L
a
m
m 1 n n 2 1
Table1.Su Site PosaLas Conchillas CanalCuche CanalDarwi 1CanalDarwi 2 IslaCaniglia SenoGala1 ´IslaIpun1 IslaVictoria ´Nahuelquın
7
Sitetype Emerged intertidal management featureEmerged intertidal management featureShellmiddenand intertidalbone scatterCavewith dispersesurface humanremainsCavewith dispersesurface humanremains andashell middenStratigraphic depositand intertidallithic scatterCavewith dispersesurface humanremains
n n
servation alterations alterations tidalerosio opogenic urbance opogenic urbance tidalerosio opogenic urbance
Pre Minor Minor Major Anthr dist Anthr dist Major Anthr dist
06 March 2015 Discoveryandrecoverytechniques Surfacerecord Surfacerecord Intertidal collections Surfacerecordand collections Chonoscollection Curry’scollection Chonoscollection
6
5 y
eyes] at 09: nued)Chronolog(incal∗yrBP) Undated Undated 1530 1830–1660 700–660 Undated 680
r r nti
ma Com
o (oe
wnloaded by [ inthisstudy.Distancefrshorelin(inm) 15 10 0 0 UK 0 UK
o dt
D sdiscusseasedeposialtitude(inmasl) 2 2 –1 1 UK –1 UK
xtB
e
t
n
o d
yofsitec atitudeanlongitude◦4527’S–◦42’W73 ◦28’S–45◦41’W73 ◦39’S–45◦48’W73 ◦20’S–45◦24’W73 ◦4443’S–◦13’W74 ◦56’S–45◦58’W73 ◦32’S–44◦15’W73
r L
a
m
m
Table1.Su Site ´Nahuelquın2 ´Nahuelquın3 IslaAcuao1 IslaElena1 ´IslaBenjamın 01 ˜IslaGoni1 SenoCanalad
8