Table Of Content

Maritime Cargo Operations Maritime Cargo Operations presents the core concepts of cargo work for marine engineering students and cadets. It is built around the essential principles of the maritime profession and is a valuable guide to a broad range of key subject areas in the safe carriage, handling, stowage and securing of cargo, and cargo watches in port. It contributes to a sound understanding of cargo operations for a future career in the profession, as well as offering a general overview for deck offcers. • Gives an overview of the key areas in cargo operations work. • Includes structured Learning Outcomes and self-test questions for each subject area to assist readers in evaluating their understanding. This book suits merchant navy cadets at Higher National Certifcate (HNC), and Higher National Diploma (HND), and foundation degree level in both the deck and engineering branches, and also serves as a general reference for maritime professionals. Maritime Cargo Operations Alexander Arnfinn Olsen Designed cover image: © Shutterstock image 1260654667 First published 2023 by Routledge 4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2023 Alexander Arnfnn Olsen The right of Alexander Arnfnn Olsen to be identifed as author of this work has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identifcation and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN: 978-1-032-40697-8 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-032-40696-1 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-003-35433-8 (ebk) DOI: 10.1201/9781003354338 Typeset in Sabon by Apex CoVantage, LLC Contents Preface xv Acknowledgements xvii List of Figures xix List of Tables xxiii Key Terms xxv PART 1 Safe Carriage of Cargo: Principles and Practice 1 1 Key Concepts of Cargo Work 3 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Key Concepts of Cargo Work 3 1.2.1 Fruit Carriers 11 1.2.2 Gas Carriers 11 1.2.3 LASH Vessels 13 1.2.4 Multipurpose General Cargo Ships 13 1.2.5 Refrigerated Vessels 14 1.2.6 Roll-on Roll-off Vessels 15 1.2.7 Tankers 15 1.2.8 Timber Carriers 16 1.2.9 Vehicle Carriers 16 1.2.10 Others 19 2 Determining Cargo Quantity and Volume 21 2.1 Terms Used for Measurement 21 2.2 Terms Used for Weight and Quantity 22 2.3 Draught Survey 24 2.3.1 Contextual Example 28 v vi Contents 3 Ballast Management 35 3.1 Introduction 35 3.2 Risks Involved with the Exchange of Ballast Water 35 3.3 Ballast Water Management Guidelines 36 3.3.1 Ballast Water Management Plan 37 3.3.2 Ballast Water Record Books 37 3.3.3 Ballast Water Management Standards 38 3.3.4 Sediment Management for Ships 38 3.3.5 Duties of Offcers and Crew 38 3.3.6 Exceptions 38 3.3.7 Exemptions 39 3.3.8 Equivalent Compliance 39 3.4 Survey and Certifcation of Ships 39 3.5 Ballast Water Management Standards 39 3.5.1 D1 – Ballast Water Exchange (BWE) 40 3.5.2 D2 – Ballast Water Performance Standard 40 3.6 Other Methods of Ballast Water Management 41 3.7 Ballast Water Management Implementation Schedule 41 3.8 UK Implementation of the Ballast Water Management Convention 41 3.9 Ballast Water Management Requirements in Specifc Marine Areas 41 3.10 Case Study: Australian Ballast Water Management Requirements 43 3.10.1 Background 43 3.10.2 What the New Arrangements Mean for the Shipping Industry Mandatory Ballast Water Management Requirements 44 3.10.3 Ballast Water Management Options 44 3.10.4 The AQIS Decision Support System 45 3.10.5 Ballast Water Reporting 45 3.10.6 Verifcation Inspections 46 3.10.7 AQIS Ballast Water Compliance Agreements 46 3.10.8 Tank Stripping 46 3.10.9 Access to Sampling Points 46 4 Principles for the Safe Handling, Stowage, and Carriage of Dry Cargoes 49 4.1 Introduction 49 4.2 What Is General Cargo? 49 Contents vii 4.3 Equipment Used in the Handling of General Cargo 50 4.4 Safe Handling, Stowage, and Carriage of Typical General Cargoes 51 4.5 Cargo Hold Preparation for the Reception of General Cargo 54 4.6 Unitisation 55 4.7 Containerisation 55 4.8 Preparations for Containerised Cargo 58 4.8.1 Preparing a Cargo Space to Load Containerised General Cargo 58 4.9 Examples of Common Types of Containers 60 4.10 Identifying a Container’s Location 63 4.11 Refrigerated and Reefer Cargoes 71 4.11.1 Frozen Cargo 71 4.11.2 Chilled Cargo 71 4.11.3 Temperature-regulated Cargo 71 4.12 Safe Handling, Stowing, and Carriage of Reefer Cargoes 72 4.12.1 Pre-cooling of Compartment 74 4.12.2 Loading and Handling 74 4.12.3 CO Control 74 2 4.12.4 Methods of Transportation of Reefer Cargoes 75 4.12.5 Loose and Unitised Reefer Cargoes 75 4.13 Containerised Reefer Cargoes 75 4.13.1 Ship-dependent Containers 75 4.13.2 Independent Containers 75 5 Principles for the Safe Handling, Stowage, and Carriage of RORO Cargo 77 5.1 Introduction 77 5.2 RORO Cargo Operations 79 5.2.1 Rolling Cargo 79 5.2.2 Vehicles 79 5.2.3 Containers 79 5.3 Guidance for Cargo Offcers Overseeing RORO Operations 80 5.3.1 General Precautions 80 5.3.2 Ventilation 80 5.3.3 Fire Safety and Prevention 81 5.3.4 Noise 81 5.3.5 Safe Movement 81 viii Contents 5.3.6 Use of Work Equipment 82 5.3.7 Inspection of Vehicles 83 5.3.8 Stowage 83 5.3.9 Securing of Cargo 84 5.3.10 Dangerous Goods 86 5.3.11 Specialised Vehicles 86 5.3.12 Partially Filled Tank Vehicles 86 5.3.13 Housekeeping 87 6 Principles for the Safe Handling, Stowage, and Carriage of Dry Bulk Cargo 89 6.1 Introduction 89 6.2 The Loading and Handling of Dry Bulk Cargoes 91 6.3 Principles and Practice for the Safe Handling, Stowage, and Carriage of Some Special Types of Solid Bulk Cargo Concentrates 94 6.4 Preparing a Space for the Reception of Dry Bulk Cargo 95 6.4.1 Exceptions 97 6.5 Summary 98 7 Principles for the Safe Handling, Stowage, and Carriage of Liquid Bulk Cargo 99 7.1 Introduction 99 7.2 Carriage of Petroleum Products 102 7.3 Cargo-handling Procedures for Clean Oils 103 7.4 Cargo-handling Procedures for Dirty Oils 104 7.5 Crude Oil Washing 105 7.6 Principles of the Inert Gas Systems 106 7.7 Preparation of Cargo Spaces for the Reception of Bulk Liquid Cargo 106 8 Principles for the Safe Handling, Stowage, and Carriage of Liquefed Gases 111 8.1 Introduction 111 8.2 Cargo Operations on Gas Carriers 112 8.3 Guidelines for Completing the Ship to Shore Safety Checklist 114 8.4 Ship/Shore Safety Checklist 123 Contents ix 9 Principles for the Safe Handling, Stowage, and Carriage of Cargo on Offshore Supply Vessels 131 9.1 Introduction 131 9.2 Preparing to Load Cargo Onboard 132 9.3 Notifcation of Any Unusual Cargo Items 133 9.4 Deck Space Management and Back Load Cargoes 133 9.5 Cargo Plans 133 9.6 Sailing Instructions 134 9.7 Potential Dropped Objects 135 9.8 Stowage and Securing of Cargoes in Containers 136 9.9 Refrigerated Containers (Disconnection at the Offshore Facility) 137 9.10 Tubular Cargo 138 9.11 Main Block Operations 139 9.12 Cherry Picking 140 9.13 Unusual Cargo Items Loaded onto Vessel Decks 140 9.14 Bulk Cargo General Requirements 141 9.15 Bulk Operations in Port and at the Facility 142 9.15.1 Vessel Responsibilities at the Facility 142 9.15.2 Facility Responsibilities 143 9.16 Preparations Relating to the Transfer of Dry Bulk Materials 143 9.17 Bulk Hose-Handling Procedures at the Facility 144 9.18 Hose Securing Arrangements 144 9.19 Bulk Transfers of Common Liquids 145 9.20 Bulk Transfers of Special Products 145 9.20.1 Characteristics of Some Special Liquid Products 145 9.21 Attendance of Facility Personnel during Bulk Transfer Operations 146 9.22 Transfer of Noxious Liquids during the Hours of Darkness 147 9.22.1 Tank Cleaning 147 9.22.2 Control 150 9.23 Carriage of Tubular Cargoes 150 9.23.1 Cargo Requirements 151 9.23.2 Preparations before Loading at Base 151 9.23.3 Loading at Base 151 9.24 Offshore Loading/Offoading Operations 152 9.25 Loading of Tubular Cargo onto Pipelaying Vessels 153