Mariner Engineers Handbook

585 Pages·2010·15.04 MB·English

MODERN
MARINE ENGINEERS HANDBOOK

Review Guide 1
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This book was exciusiveiy prepared to heip the Marine Engineers whiie reviewing the
different subjects in prepara tion for the govemment licensure examination conducted
by the Pro fessional Regulation Commiss ion.
It is a compi!ation of solutions to the problems encountered during the recent
examination. There are also exercise questions inciuding an outline to examinees, to
serve as an instant refresher Qn the most fundamental concept and principies in
accordance with the scope of the examina tion usualiy given by the Board of Examiners
at the PRC.
It is also a complete practica! guide to al! apprentice cadet, ship personnel and engineers
on board, on the latest technology to bring you the most up-to-date coverage possibie of
high standard on the job aboardship.
The author gratefrl!y acknowledges and appreciates the support of the staff and students
of
SEALANE MARITIME REVIEW CENTER.
This book is lovingly dedicated to my wife, Terry and my aaughters, Sarah Jane, Chris
fine Joy and my son Ferdinand fr. who have been my constant inspiration in my journey
to the port of success.

PART 1 MATHEMATICS
• Basic Fundamental of Mathematics
(Includes Algebra, Arithmetic, Physics, Strength of Material)
• Board Problems and Answers 1987—93 Ah Ranks (4E, 3E, 2E, CE)
• Board Multiple Choice Ah Ranks
• Useful Engineer Formulas
• Conversion Tables — Cuide Only

PART II ELECTRICITY AND ELECTRICALLY DRIVEN PROPULSION
71
• Definitions, Functions of Electrical Terms e
• Board Questions and Answers AlI Ranks
• Trouble Shooting of Electrical Component
• Test Equipment and Uses
• Safety Procedure on Electrical and lnterpretation
• Motor Operation and Maintenance
• Switchboard Protection
• Electrical Formulas and Symbols
• Board Problem Solving AH Ranks
• Board Multiple Choice Ah Ranks
PART I STEAM BOILER, TURBINES INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
Section U : Steam Bolhers 151
• Type, Uses, Classification
• Boiler Mountings, Accessories and Functions
• Boiler Terminology, Uses and Functions
• Safety Valves
• Boiler Water Level Gauges
• Maintenance Operation
• Boiler Corrosion Water Treatment
• Boiler Water Testing Procedures
• Waste Heat Boiler Problems and Mairitenance
• Boiler Safety and Description
• Emergency Procedures
Section II: Internal Combustion Engine 191
• Definitions, Classifications
• Principies of Operation
• Component Parts and Uses
• Scavenging Process
• Turbocharging Process
• Definition of Terms
• Board Questions and Answers
• Fuel, Lube Oil, Fresh Water System
• Standard Operating Procedures, Trouble Shooting
Section II : Steam Turbines, Engines 222
• Definition, Classification, Operation
• Fittings and Functions
• Board Questions and Answers — Ah Ranks
Iv

• Reciprocating Steam Engine : Definitions, Advantages, Construction and Operations
• Board Questions: Muitiple Choice : Ah Ranks
PART IV REFRIGERATION AND AIR-COND MACHINERY 261
• Definitions, Characteristic, Functions of TypicaI Parts
• Safety Devices
• Definitions of Technicai Terms
• Operation and Maintenance System
• Trouble Shooting Guide to Refrigeration Probiems
• Board ProbIem Solvings — Ah Ranks
• Board Multipie Choice: Ah Ranks
PART y PRACTICAL ENGINEER GUIDES 317
• Main Engine Indicator Diagram
• Main Engine Performance Test
• Fuel—Lube Oil Tank Calcuiation
• inspection, Measurement, Procedures, Cyhinder Liner, Piston Rings
• Crankshaft Deflection
• Checking Clearances of Main Bearing, Crosshead, Crankpin Bearing
• Reading on Engine Condition
• Emergency Procedures in Engine Cylinder
• Draw Diagrams and hnterpretation
• Monthly Reports, Maritime Regulations, Survey
• Board Question and Answers: AH Ranks
• Test Procedure: Safety Maintenance Program
• Principies, Operation and Maintenance:
Fresh Water Distiller, Air Compressor, Purifier
• Ordering Spare Parts, Safety BihI
• Basic instrumentation
• Wetding Safety and Techniques
PART Vi DRAWING 395
PART Vil
Section 1 : Safety of Life at Sea 428
• Firefighting and Prevention
• First Aid
• Survival at Sea
• Lifeboat Handhing
Section II : Oil Tanker Safety 474
Section Iii: inert Gas System 487
PART VIII
Section 1 : Machine Shop 503
• Weiding Techniques, Toois and Equipments, Symbois
Section II : Pump Theory, Operation and Maintenance 531
Section III: Control Automation: introduction 553
Section IV: Organization of Engine Department 565
e Watchkeeping, Safe Operation, Bunkering Procedures
• Board Exams Regulations and Requirements
Section V : Code of Ethics 581
y
PART 1
MATHEMATICS
1
MATHEMATICS
In performing our daily duties as ship personnel, engineers, and crew aboard ship we
often solve simple problems involving tank calculations, ship speed, horsepower, con
sumptions and mathematical calculation which need our basic fundamental learning
process in solving every day problems:
BASIC FUNDAMENTAL OF MATHEMATICS
MULTIPLICATION — is the process in which it is desired to know how much one
number is time another.
Examples:
2 x 6 = 12
432 x 19 = 8208
0.32 x 0.0046 = 0.001472
3.9472 x 43.16 = 170.36115
DIVISION - this is the process in which it is desired to know how many times one
number will go into another.
Examples:
6— = 2, 6/3= 26 = 2
81-4-9 = 9 3
18653 — 18 = 1036.28
1121 ÷ 3 3/4 = 298.93
ADDITION — adding numbers in similar terms and add the numbers in each column
separately.
Examples:
81 + 5 + 12 = 98
6.5 + 3 + .5 = 10
2a + 7b + 3c 946.75
5a — 2b + 6c 8.42
7a + 5b + 9c .00842
955.17842
2
SUBTRACTION—to subtract numbers or algebraic terms, change the sign of the term
to be subtracted and then add.
Examp les:
92 — 12 = 80
12 — 2.5 = 9.5
8x — (-5x) = 13x
8x— 5x = 3x
OPERATIONS WITH SIGNED NUMBERS
1. ADDITION
a. For numbers with same signs, add their absolute values and prefix the conmon
signtothesum.
Examples:
(+8) + (+4) = +12
(-8) + (-4) -12
b. For two numbers with different signs, subtract the lower absolute value from the
higher absotute value and prefix the sign of the number with higher absolute value to
the dífference.
Examples:
(+8) + (-4) = +4
(-8) + (+4) = -4
2. SUBTRACTION
a. Any two numbers with same signs, subtract the lower absolute from the higher
absolute value and prefix the sign of the number with higher absolute to the difference.
Examples:
(+4) — (+2) = +2
(-4) — (-2) = -2
b. Any two numbers with different signs, add the absolute values and pref ix the sign of
the number with the higher abso tute value to the sum.
Examples:
(+4) — (-2) = +6
(-4) — (+2) = -6
3
3. MULTIPLICATION
a. The product of two numbers having the same signs is always positive.
Examples:
(+6) (+3) = (+18)
(-6) (—3) (+18)
b. The product of two numbers with d signs is always negative.
Examples:
(+6) (-3) = (-18)
(-6) (+3) = (-18)
4. DIVISION
a. The quotient of two numbers having the same signs is always positive.
Examples:
(+9) / (+3) = (+3)
(-9) / (-3) = (+3)
b. The quotient of two numbers with different signs is always negative.
Examples:
(+9) / (-3) = (-3)
(-9) / (+3) = (-3)
TEMPERATURE SCALE CON VERSION
To convert 212°F to °C
Subtract 32 from °F and divide remainder by 9 and multiply by 5.
Ex: 212—32 = 180÷9 = 20x5 = 100°C To convert 260 C to °F
Divide by 5, muItip by 9 and add 32
Ex: 260 ÷5 = 52 x 9 = 468 + 32 = 500°F
4
DECIMAL a number less than a whole number may be expressed as a fraction or
1
as a decimal.
onetenth 1 = 0.1
10
onehundredth = 1 = 0.01
100
onethousandth = 1 = 0.001
1000
one and three tenths = 1 . = 1.3
10
When decimal number are added together or subtracted, the decimal point must
be placed one below the other.
Examples:
a) Add 4.3785 to 29.46
4.3785
29.46
33.8385
b) Subtract 3.8648 from 48.82
48.8200
3.8648
44 .9 552
Con version of Percent fo Decimal
Examples:
88% = 0.88
0.35 = 35%
1.58 = 158%
99.34% = 0.9934
5
Con version of Fract ion fo Decimal
1/2 = 0.5
5/8 = 0.625
3/4 = 0.75
POWER — an index is a short method of expressing a quantity multiplied by itself a
number of times.
Examples:
2 x 2 = 2 (adding indices)
35 x 32 = 33 (a subtracting indices)
(22)3 = 26 (multiplying indices)
ROOTS — is the opposite of a power and the root symbol is .f
Examples:
the square root of 49 = = 7
the cube root of 27 = = 3
62 = 32 = 9
RATIO — is a comparison of the magnitude of one quantity with another quantity of
the same kind; it expresses the relationship of one to the other and therefore stated in
fractional form. The ratio sign is the colon:
Example:
The lengths of two bars are 250 millimeters and 2 meters respectively, the ratio of one
to another expressed.
250 : 2000 note: both quantities must be same units
or 1: 8
PROPORTION — is an equation of ratios, expresses that ratio of one pair of quantities
is equal to the ratio of another pair. The proportion sign 15 the double colon:
Examples:
5 : 10 :: 20 : 40
or 5 : 10 = 20 : 40
or 5 = 20
10 40
6
O. A pump takes 55 minutes to deliver 4400 liters of water. How long would it take to
deliver 6000 liters?
Let X = time in minutes to deliver 6000 liters.
Ratio of times taken :: Ratio of quantities deliver
55: x :: 4400 : 6000
X x 4400 = 55 x 6000
x = 55 x 6000
4400
x 75 minutes.
METHOD OF UNITY — deals to proportion problems especially with compound
proportion with more than two pair quantities.
Example:
A ship travelling at 12 knots can complete a certain voyage in 16 days. How many days
would the ship take to do the same voyage at a speed of 15 knots?
At a speed of 12 knots, time = 16 days
Ata speed of 1 knot, time = 16 x 12 days
At a speed of 15 knots, time = 16 x 12
15
= 12.8days
PERCENTAGE — is another rnethod of expressing a ratio in fractional form using 100
as the denominator and symbol %.
Ratio of 4 to 25
4 in fractional form
25
= 16 denominator of 100 100
= 16% in percentage form.
FACTORrING — is the reverse of multiplying, it is the process of finding the numbers
or quantities which, when multiplied together will constitute the expression given to be
facto rized.
7
Example: 2 x 3 + 2 x 4 — 2 x 5
= 2 (3 + 4 — 5)
3x + 2xy
— xz
= x (3 + 2y — z)
— 16
= (y + 4) (y — 4)
EVALUATION — is the process of substituting the numerical value of the algebraic
symbols and working out the value of the whole expression.
Examples:
Evaluate3xy+X when x = 2 and y = 3
= 3xy+ x — 4y 3
= 18 + 4 — = 10
12
LOGARITHMS — purpose is to be reduced the amount of labor and time involved in
multiplication and dMsion and the solution of powers and root.
Examples:
1. Find the value of 0.04218 Logofo.04218 = Log of 4750 =
Sum
antilog of 2.3018 =
2. Divide 240 by 4345 Log of 240
Log of 4345
difference
antilog of -1 .2578