Marine Surface Films: Chemical Characteristics, Influence on Air-Sea Interactions and Remote Sensing PDF
Preview Marine Surface Films: Chemical Characteristics, Influence on Air-Sea Interactions and Remote Sensing
Martin Gade, Heinrich Hühnerfuss, Gerald Korenowski Marine Surface Films Martin Gade Heinrich Hühnerfuss Gerald Korenowski (Eds.) Marine Surface Films Chemical Characteristics, Influence on Air-Sea Interactions and Remote Sensing With 126 Figures, 4 in colour EDITORS: DR. MARTIN GADE PROF. DR. GERALD M. UNIVERSITÄT HAMBURG KORENOWSKI ZENTRUM FÜR MEERES- UND DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY & KLIMAFORSCHUNG CHEMICAL BIOLOGY INSTITUT FÜR MEERESKUNDE RENSSELAER POLYTECHNIC BUNDESSTR. 53 INSTITUTE 20146 HAMBURG, GERMANY 120 COGSWELL 110 8TH STREET E-mail: [email protected] TROY, NY 12180, USA E-mail: [email protected] PROF. DR. HEINRICH HÜHNERFUSS UNIVERSITÄT HAMBURG INSTIUT FÜR ORGANISCHE CHEMIE MARTIN-LUTHER-KING-PLATZ 6 20146 HAMBURG, GERMANY E-mail: huehnerfuss@chemie. uni-hamburg.de ISBN 10 3-540-33270-7 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York ISBN 13 978-3-540-33270-1 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2006924570 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broad- casting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. Springer is a part of Springer Science+Business Media springeronline.com © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2006 Printed in The Netherlands The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant pro- tective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover design: E. Kirchner, Heidelberg Production: A. Oelschläger Typesetting: Camera-ready by the Editors Printed on acid-free paper 30/2132/AO 543210 Preface Marine surface films are encountered at many places of the world’s oceans, particularly in marginal seas and coastal regions. Their impact on basic processes at the air-water interface is well known since ancient times and has been a matter of scientific research ever since. There has been, however, a lack of a comprehensive compendium that provides the state- of-the-art knowledge on the chemical nature of marine surface films, with particular emphasis on their influence on air-sea interaction processes. Since the 1960s natural surface films (“sea slicks”), that tend to exhibit thicknesses of one molecule only, have been in the focus of interdiscipli- nary research that required input by various disciplines such as oceanogra- phy, meteorology, physics and chemistry. Albeit the thickness of such monomolecular surface films is small compared to that of mineral oil films their wave damping capability and, thus, their influence on air-sea interac- tions is comparable. Consequently, they are still often mixed up with min- eral oil films (“oil spills”), particularly in the frame of remote sensing ap- plications. It is the aim of the present book to provide a scientific basis that allows avoiding such misinterpretation in the future. This book is organized in four scientific chapters that are preceded by a general section. The latter provides a historical survey of more than two thousand years of marine surface film research. A biography of Carlo Ma- rangoni, who formed a basis for the modern sea slick research, is followed by a tribute to Erik John Bock who contributed to this book, but died be- fore its publication. The first scientific chapter provides information on the chemical characteristics of both sea slicks and oil spills, thereby putting more emphasis on monomolecular surface films. Chapter 2 and 3 summa- rize theoretical and experimental work on air-sea exchange processes in the presence of surface films, and on numerical modelling with emphasis on remote sensing of marine surface films. Finally, Chapter 4 describes remote sensing applications that benefit from a deeper knowledge of the results from the previous chapters. The editors sincerely hope that the present contributed book will con- serve existing knowledge and help to avoid misinterpretations of data, or even misplanning of experiments in the future. January 2006 Martin Gade Heinrich Hühnerfuss Gerald M. Korenowski Contents Preface...................................................................................................V General Section..........................................................................................1 Oil on troubled waters – a historical survey...........................................3 H. Hühnerfuss Carlo Marangoni and the Laboratory of Physics at the High School "Liceo Classico Dante" in Firenze (Italy)........................13 G. Loglio Tribute to Erik John Bock....................................................................17 N.M. Frew Chapter 1: Chemical Characteristics of Sea Slicks and Oil Spills.....19 Basic physicochemical principles of monomolecular sea slicks and crude oil spills................................................................21 H. Hühnerfuss New chemical insights into the structure and morphology of sea slicks and their geophysical interpretations................................37 H. Hühnerfuss, F. Hoffmann, J. Simon-Kutscher, W. Alpers, and M. Gade Sea slicks: variability in chemical composition and surface elasticity.45 N.M. Frew, R.K. Nelson, and C.G. Johnson Correlation studies of mass spectral patterns and elasticity of sea-slick materials............................................................................57 N.M. Frew, R.K. Nelson, and C.G. Johnson On surface renewal and sea slicks........................................................65 K.B. Dysthe VIII Chapter 2: Chemical Characteristics....................................................75 Physicochemical effects of the marine microlayer on air-sea gas transport..............................................................................77 S.P. McKenna and E.J. Bock Static and dynamic surface tension of marine water: onshore or platform-based measurements by the oscillating bubble tensiometer..93 G. Loglio, B.A. Noskov, P. Pandolfini, and R. Miller Multiple scattering of surface waves by two-dimensional colloid systems...................................................................................105 B.A. Noskov and G. Loglio Laboratory study of the damping of parametric ripples due to surfactant films........................................................................113 S.A. Ermakov and S.V. Kijashko Wave tank study of phase velocities and damping of gravity-capillary wind waves in the presence of surface films...........129 S.A. Ermakov, I.A. Sergievskaya, E.M. Zuikova, V.Yu. Goldblat, and Yu.B. Shchegolkov Laboratory measurements of artificial rain impinging on slick-free and slick-covered water surfaces........................................145 N. Braun, M. Gade, and P.A. Lange Imaging surfactant concentration distribution at the air/water interface Part 1: Surfactant concentration gradient on a laminar channel flow.157 G.M. Korenowski, E.A. van Wagenen, and A. Hirsa Imaging surfactant concentration distribution at the air/water interface Part 2: Insoluble monolayer concentrations on standing capillary waves.165 G.M. Korenowski, J.R. Saylor, E.A. van Wagenen, J.S. Kelley, M.E. Anderson, and E.J. Edwards Chapter 3: Modelling and Air-Sea Interactions................................175 Variability of the wavenumber spectra of short surface waves in the ocean and their modulation due to internal waves and natural slicks.177 P.A. Hwang On the imaging of biogenic and anthropogenic surface films on the sea by radar sensors.................................................................189 M. Gade Contents IX Slick radar image modelling with an extended “VIERS-1” wave spectrum....................................................................................205 H. Greidanus Thermal imagery of surface renewal phenomena...............................225 D.K. Woolf and N. Ward Infrared imaging: a novel tool to investigate the influence of surface slicks on air-sea gas transfer..................................................239 U. Schimpf, N.M. Frew, and B. Jähne Chapter 4: Remote Sensing Applications...........................................253 Detection of oil spills by airborne sensors..........................................255 O. Zielinski, T. Hengstermann, and N. Robbe Satellite monitoring of accidental and deliberate marine oil pollution.........................................................................................273 G. Ferraro, D. Tarchi, J. Fortuni, and A. Sieber Long-term microwave radar monitoring of ocean slicks at low grazing angles..........................................................................289 C.P. Gommenginger and S.R. Boxall Oil spills on ALMAZ-1 and ERS-1 SAR images: results from the DOSE-91 experiment...........................................................299 K. Litovchenko and A. Ivanov Estimation of average surface currents from ERS SAR images of oil-tank cleaning spills...................................................................315 L.M. Mitnik, K.-S. Chen, and C.-T. Wang Index........................................................................................................337 Adresses of Corresponding Authors Nicole Braun Radarhydrographie (Dept. KOR) Institut für Küstenforschung GKSS Forschungszentrum Max-Planck-Straße 1 21502 Geesthacht Germany Phone : +49 (0)4152 87 1899 Fax : +49 (0)4152 87 2818 E-Mail : [email protected] Kristian B. Dysthe University of Bergen Department of Mathematics, Johannes Brunsgate 12, 5008 Bergen, Norway Phone : +47 55 58 48 57 Fax : +47 55 58 96 72 E-Mail : [email protected] Stanislav A. Ermakov Institute of Applied Physics Russian Academy of Sciences 46, Ul'janova st. 603950, Nizhny Novgorod Russia Phone : +7 8312 164935 Fax : +7 8312 365976 E-Mail : [email protected] XII Guido Ferraro European Commission Joint Research Centre Institute for the Protection and Security of the Citizen 21020 Ispra Italy Phone : +39 0332 789488 Fax : +39 0332 785469 E-Mail : [email protected] Nelson M. Frew Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Marine Chemistry & Geochemistry Dept. 360 Woods Hole Road Mailstop #4 Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA Phone : +1 508 289 2489 Fax : +1 508 457 2164 (Fye Lab) E-Mail : [email protected] Martin Gade Universität Hamburg Zentrum für Meeres- und Klimaforschung Institut für Meereskunde Bundesstraße 53 20146 Hamburg Germany Phone : +49 (0)40 42838 5450 Fax : +49 (0)40 42838 7471 E-Mail : [email protected]
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