Marine Resource Conservation and Poverty Reduction Strategies in Tanzania (Hamburg Studies on Maritime Affairs)

148 Pages·2007·3.41 MB·English

by  Jennifer K. Sesabo

InternationalMaxPlanckResearchSchool(IMPRS)
forMaritimeAffairs
at the University ofHamburg
Hamburg Studies on Maritime Affairs
Volume 8
Editedby
JürgenBasedow
PeterEhlers
HartmutGraßl
Hans-JoachimKoch
RainerLagoni
GerhardLammel
UlrichMagnus
PeterMankowski
MarianPaschke
ThomasPohlmann
UweSchneider
JürgenSündermann
RichardTol
RüdigerWolfrum
WilfriedZahel
Jennifer K. Sesabo
Marine Resource
Conservation
and Poverty
Reduction Strategies
in Tanzania
With18Figuresand18Tables
123
Dr.JenniferK.Sesabo
MzumbeUniversity
FacultyofSocialSciences
DepartmentofEconomics
P.O.Box5
Mzumbe-Morogoro
Tanzania
[email protected]
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2007923291
ISSN1614-2462
ISBN978-3-540-69941-5SpringerBerlinHeidelbergNewYork
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To:
My parents Lutgarda and late Benjamin,
who created a suitable condition for my personal growth.
I thank God for this precious gift.
and
to people who see beyond themselves and
help those in need materially and spiritually
May almighty God bless you all!
Acknowledgement
This book is developed from a Ph.D. dissertation. The dissertation is the product,
most of all, of a long journey which started in mid-November 2002. The journey
was not easy to start because of the dilemma I had after the loss of my beloved fa-
ther, which took place four weeks before the beginning of my PhD study. May
Almighty God place his soul in eternal peace! First and foremost, I thank Al-
mighty God for giving me the strength during difficult moments and blessings so
that my academic aspiration and accomplishments could become a reality. My sin-
cere thanks also go to my parents for their trust to invest in me in the first place
and their constant love and care. They will always be a source of inspiration for
the rest of my life. I would also extend my special thanks to friends and relatives
who have been a source of encouragement and made it possible for me to start my
Ph.D. Ingvild and her family, Getrude and Øystein, Dan Sabo, Michael Ngadada,
Fr Apolinary Ngirwa and auntie Stephanie Ngirwa have been a source of inspira-
tion and restored a glimmer of hope when all was lost after the death of my be-
loved father. Thank you very much!
I am highly grateful to my supervisor, Prof. Richard Tol, for agreeing to be my
supervisor as well as giving me the opportunity, freedom and guidance through
this academic struggle. Without your valuable comments, suggestions, support and
patience this end product would not have seen the light of the day. I am also grate-
ful for the valuable comments and suggestions from Prof. Hartmut Lang which
shaped the structure of this dissertation. To both of you I say thank you, and I look
forward to working with you again in the future if opportunities arise.
I am greatly indebted to the International Max-Planck Research School for
Maritime Affairs (IMPRS) at University of Hamburg for sponsoring my stay in
Germany, Research Unit Sustainability and Global Change (FNU) – Hamburg
University for financial assistance, which covered transport costs for fieldwork
and participation in a Symposium, and Mzumbe University (MU) for the financial
support for undertaking the field work. Special thanks go to Prof. Joseph Kuzilwa
(Deputy Vice-chancellor, MU) who supported, arranged and provided funds to
cover my data collection and transport costs, which enabled me to come to Ham-
burg in the first place.
Colleagues at the Research Unit for Sustainability and Global Change and
scholars from the International Max Planck Research School for Maritime Affairs
also deserve a special mention. I greatly benefited from individual and group dis-
cussions over the coffee, seminars and get-together meetings. To all of you I say
‘thank you’ for the encouragement, kindness and being the most fantastic support
staff during my stay. My special thanks goes to Marianne with whom it has been a
VIII Acknowledgement
pleasure to share an office with and have discussions about my research project.
Thank you for your friendship too.
I am also grateful to the Centre for Fisheries and Aquaculture Management and
Economics (FAME) (Southern University of Denmark) for giving me financial
support so as to take part in series of PhD courses and workshop at Esbjerg from
which I benefited greatly. I wish to express my appreciation to Heine Ruppert for
his role in administrating all the workshops and courses that made all the partici-
pants feel at home. Dr. Julius Francis (Western Indian Ocean Marine Science As-
sociation at Zanzibar) also deserves special thanks for providing part of the finan-
cial resources that enabled me to present part of my results at The Fourth
WIOMSA Scientific Symposium.
There are also several people who gave me valuable advice and feedback on
my drafts. Special thanks go to Dr. Charles Blessings Laurent Jumbe, Kibiby
Mtenga, Dr. Esther Ishengoma, Dr. John Mduma, Associate Prof. Ruangrai Tok-
risna (Kasetsart-University, Thailand), Prof. Niels Vestergaard (FAME-University
of Southern Denmark), Dr. Razack Lokina, Dr. Theophilus Mutui and Kennedy
Bota without forgetting my colleagues Christine, Maren, Zhou and Marianne for
your constructive suggestions, which have contributed positively to this disserta-
tion. Thank you all for sharing your vast experience and knowledge with me.
Going back to my origin, I am indebted to the Mzumbe Univesity (MU), Tan-
zania for allowing and encouraging me pursue higher education. I am also grateful
to my friends and colleagues at MU for their friendship and encouragement. Spe-
cial thanks go to George and Josephine, Innocent and Coletha, Subi and Arbogast,
Joel and Makawa, without forgetting Mama Sabina Gellejah for the caring, sup-
port and friendship.
In carrying out a survey related to this study, I received support and assistance
from individuals and institutions in Tanzania. Many thanks go to Dr. Jude Shunula
of the Institute of Marine Sciences (IMS), Zanzibar for the constructive comments
which improved the questionnaire. Mr J. Daffa of TCMP also deserves special
thanks for providing background information and suggestions. I extend my thanks
to the respondent households in Mlingotini and Nyamanzi villages for their pa-
tience and cooperation during the survey. I also want to thank Muhajir Kach-
wamba, Ashatu Hussein, Robert Lihawa, Thobias Nsindagi, from Mzumbe Uni-
versity and Hamad Khatib (Fisheries Department in Zanzibar) for helping in data
collection exercises. Dr. Muzuka, Rajabu Uweje, Tom Buluda, Makame Kitwana
and Ennie Allen Mwakajila, thanks for taking good care of me as well as for your
support and help during my stay in Zanzibar.
My study in Hamburg gave me an opportunity to meet different people from
various countries. Special thanks go to all Tanzanians and Kenyans who I met in
the course of my stay, Sauda Barwani and Reader, Helga and Guenther Kiessling,
Elmar, Adetutu Aghedo, Asma Nitardy, Sheena Pinto, Regina Fuchs, Lubago’s
family, Roseline, Sokhom, Claudia and Ece for being kind and supportive which
made my stay in Hamburg wonderful. I also extend my sincere gratitude to the
English community congregation at St. Elizabeth Church, especially to Andreas
Leblang (Priest) for spiritual support. I also extended my special thanks to Marion
Acknowledgement IX
for the time to share and discuss the word of God, which enriched my spiritual
life.
Special gratitude goes to my family and relatives who have contributed to my
personal growth and academic achievement over the years. In particular I would
like to mention my brother Justine Mazinge, sister Grace, brother-in-law Mathew,
nieces (Maria and Irene), nephews (Joel and Benjamin), and cousins (Jacob Moni,
Sunday, Revocatus and Jovither) who have been such an important part of my life.
Their constant love, patience, and encouragement always have been a source of
inspiration for my steady work. Special thanks goes to my ‘mama’ Lutgard, a con-
stant source of support, understanding, encouragement and love. I could not have
finished my dissertation without the support and encouragement from the families
of Mr. Wilfred Ngirwa and Mr. Salum Mijinga. Thank you for your encourage-
ment and taking good care of my cousin Moni while I was away. My heartfelt
thanks also go to a special friend, Theophilus Mutui for, the love, encouragement
and support provided to me during my study period.
Last but not least, I would like to thank all that, in one way or another, contrib-
uted to the completion of this dissertation. May God bless you all
Hartelijk bedankt Thanks Muchas gracias Tusen takk
Mange takk Vielen Dank (cid:571)(cid:613)(cid:602)(cid:605)(cid:616)(cid:606)(cid:602)(cid:618)(cid:633) Merci Te(cid:250)ekk(cid:294)r ederim Zikomo
Asante Sana
Hamburg, April 2006
Jennifer Kasanda Sesabo
Table of Contents
Acknowledgement.............................................................................................VII
Table of Contents................................................................................................XI
List of Tables......................................................................................................XV
List of Figures.................................................................................................XVII
Abbreviations and Acronyms..........................................................................XIX
Summary of the Book............................................................................................1
Chapter 1: Introduction and Overview...............................................................3
1.1 Background to the Problem.........................................................................3
1.1.1 Introduction..........................................................................................3
1.1.2 The Challenge of Sustainable Use of Marine and Coastal Resources in
Tanzania...............................................................................................5
1.2 Objective and Significance of the Study......................................................9
1.3 Theoretical Framework for Analysis.........................................................10
1.4 Organization of the Book...........................................................................11
1.5 Methodology and the Study Area..............................................................11
1.5.1 General Approach and Data Collection Methods...............................11
1.5.2 Questionnaire Construction and Interview Strategies........................13
1.5.3 Background Information of the Study Area.......................................14
1.5.3.1 Location......................................................................................14
1.5.3.2 Population...................................................................................15
1.5.3.3 Infrastructure and Services.........................................................17
1.5.3.4 Occupation Structure in the Study Area.....................................18
1.5.3.5 Occupational Problems...............................................................20
1.5.3.6 Assets Profile..............................................................................22
1.5.3.7 Division of Labor.......................................................................27
1.5.3.8 Property Ownership....................................................................28
1.1.5.9 Management of Marine and Coastal Resources.........................29
XII Table of Contents
Chapter 2: Costal Rural Households and Decision to Participate in Various
Activities...............................................................................................................31
2.1 Introduction...............................................................................................31
2.2 Conceptual Framework..............................................................................33
2.3 Empirical Approach...................................................................................35
2.3.1 Data Analysis.....................................................................................35
2.3.2 Variables Used...................................................................................36
2.4 Results and Discussion..............................................................................42
2.4.1 Activities Participation Patterns and Asset Heterogeneity.................42
2.4.2 The Determinants of Participation in Different Economic Activities46
2.4.3 The Determinants of Total Household Income..................................51
2.5 Conclusions and Policy Implications.........................................................53
Chapter 3: Small-scale Fishing Households and Technical Efficiency...........57
3.1 Introduction...............................................................................................57
3.2 Methodological Issues...............................................................................59
3.3 Data, Variables and Empirical Model........................................................62
3.3.1 Data and Variables.............................................................................62
3.3.2 Empirical Model.................................................................................65
3.4 Empirical Results and Discussion..............................................................67
3.4.1 Production Frontier............................................................................68
3.4.2 Technical Efficiency Distribution and Heterogeneity........................70
3.4.3 Determinants of Technical Inefficiency.............................................72
3.5 Conclusions and Policy Implications.........................................................74
Chapter 4: Households Attitudes Towards Marine Resource Conservation.77
4.1 Introduction...............................................................................................77
4.2 Conceptual Framework and Hypotheses...................................................79
4.3 Methodology..............................................................................................83
4.3.1 Data and Descriptive Analysis...........................................................83
4.3.2 Data Analysis.....................................................................................84
4.4 Results.......................................................................................................85
4.4.1 Perceived Attitude Towards the Establishment of MPA and
Management Opinions: Descriptive Statistics...................................85
4.4.2 Factors Affecting the Attituded of Households Towards MPAs
Establishment: Reression Analysis....................................................88
4.5 Discussion..................................................................................................93
4.6 Concluding Remarks.................................................................................98
Chapter 5: Conclusion........................................................................................99
5.1 Rural Households and Various Activities Participation in Tanzanian
Coastal Villages.......................................................................................100
5.2 Small-scale Fishing Households and Technical Efficiency in Tanzanian
Coastal Villages.......................................................................................102
5.3 Perceived Attitudes and Marine and Coastal Resources Conservation
Initiatives in Tanzanian Coastal Villages................................................103