Marine protected areas: Interactions with fisheries livelihoods and food security

172 Pages·2017·4.3 MB·English

FAO ISSN
FISHERIES AND 2
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603 AQUTAECCUHLNTIUCAREL 70-70
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PAPER
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Marine protected areas:
Interactions with fishery
livelihoods and food security
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12–19 November 2014, in the context of livelihoods and food security. It includes: (i) ten a
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ISBN 978-92-5-109606-2 ISSN 2070-7010
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Cover photo credits:
First row, left to right:
Local fishers about to land in the afternoon after fishing in Karimunjawa, Indonesia (Laely
Nurhidayah); Women selling fishing in Chennai, India (Anthony Charles); Jetty with traditional
boats in Kalitoko village in Mayalibit Bay, Indonesia (Laely Nurhidayah); A typical commercial
net fishing operation within the Great Barrier Reef, Australia (Anon).
Second row, left to right:
Artisanal fishers, Costa Rica (Andrew B. Bystrom); Fishing on foot, Mauritania (Djibril Ly);
Local fishers in Madagascar (Ambroise Brenier/WCS); A young woman propelling a Bajau Laut
houseboat between Selakan and Maiga islands in a General Use Zone of Tun Sakaran Marine
Park, Malaysia (Greg Acciaioli); Young girls from Sampela village, Wakatobi, Indonesia gleaning
the reef flats at dusk, collecting sea cucumber and various molluscs (Dirk Steenbergen).
Third row, left to right:
Bajau families trading the day’s catch, Sampela village, Wakatobi, Indonesia (Julian Clifton);
local community activities in Go village, Indonesia (Laely Nurhidayah).
Bottom row, left to right:
A Bajau Laut water village off shore of Bodgaya Island, Tun Sakaran Marine Park, Malaysia
(Natasha Stacey); Joe Fuller, trap and line fisher Minnie Water, NSW, Australia (Ron Fuller);
Bajau Bringing seaweed to Sebangkat Island in Tun Sakaran Marine Park, Malaysia for sale to
a Chinese intermediate marketer (Greg Acciaioli); Soariake marine protected area, Madagascar
(Ambroise Brenier).
Marine protected areas: FAO
FISHERIES AND
AQUACULTURE
Interactions with fishery TECHNICAL
PAPER
livelihoods and food security 603

Edited by
Lena Westlund
FAO Consultant
FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department
Rome, Italy
Anthony Charles
School of the Environment and School of Business
Saint Mary’s University
Halifax, Canada
Fisheries Expert Group
IUCN Commission on Ecosystem Management
Serge M. Garcia
Fisheries Expert Group
IUCN Commission on Ecosystem Management
Fiumicino, Italy
Jessica Sanders
Fisheries Officer
FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department
Rome, Italy
Published by
the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
and
International Union for Conservation of Nature
Rome, 2017
The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product
do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and
Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), or of the International Union
for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) concerning the legal or development status of
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similar nature that are not mentioned.
The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not
necessarily reflect the views or policies of FAO, or IUCN.
ISBN 978-92-5-109606-2
© FAO, 2017
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iii
Preparation of this document
This document on Marine protected areas: Interactions with fishery livelihoods and food
security has been prepared jointly by the FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department
and the IUCN Fisheries Expert Group (FEG). It builds on work presented at the IUCN
World Parks Congress (WPC) held in Sydney, Australia, on 12–19 November 2014,
and contains a total of twelve papers (see list of contributors). The papers have been
technically edited by Lena Westlund, Anthony Charles, Serge Garcia and Jessica Sanders.
FAO would like to extend its appreciation to all authors for their contributions
both at the WCP and to this document. We are grateful to Linda Mitchell for
editing the text, to Enzo Luchetti for the desktop publishing layout and to Gilles
Kaboha for the translation from French of the paper on Mauritania. Anthony
Charles acknowledges support from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research
Council of Canada, through the Community Conservation Research Network
(www.CommunityConservation.Net). FAO gratefully acknowledges the financial
support from the Government of Japan to FAO participation at the WPC and to the
publishing of this document through the project “Improved fisheries management
for sustainable use of marine living resources in the face of changing systems (GCP/
INT/228/JPN)”.
iv
Abstract
Building on work presented at the IUCN World Parks Congress (WPC) held in Sydney,
Australia, on 12–19 November 2014, this document explores experiences with aquatic
protected areas (PAs), marine protected areas (MPAs) and protected areas in inland
waters in the context of livelihoods and food security. It includes: (i) ten papers reporting
on the interface of MPA/protected areas with livelihoods and food security, based on
case studies in Africa, Asia, Latin America and Oceania; (ii) an eleventh contribution
providing a more general overview of MPAs and food security and how to assess their
impact; and (iii) a final paper synthesizing the conclusions of the papers and discussing
the observed outcomes of aquatic PAs, together with problems and solutions.
The document’s contributions recognize that the assessment of impacts of aquatic
PAs on fisheries livelihoods and food security meets with difficulties related to: the
newness of the issue in the context of aquatic PAs; compounding effects of external
drivers; monitoring costs; lack of empirical evidence and deficient experimental designs;
and lack of systematic ex ante and ex post assessments. Nevertheless, it is possible to
identify certain key problem areas, associated with the distribution of costs and benefits,
the high degree of dependence of fishing communities, the highly dynamic patterns of
evolution of the general context of both the fisheries and the aquatic PAs concerned, the
difficulty and cost of enforcement, and commonly recurrent financing difficulties. The
positive outcomes observed in the case studies presented here relate to improved social
cohesion and participation, conservation and incomes, but concerns are also expressed
about a lack of attainment of expected outcomes. It is stressed that no generalization
on the efficacy of aquatic PAs in supporting livelihoods is possible. Direct measures of
impact on food security and poverty are not available. Numerous elements to address
the problem are proposed relating to: (i) dedicated policies; (ii) clearer and more
comprehensive objectives; (iii) community participation; (iv) communication between
stakeholders; (v) building capacity to collaborate effectively; (vi) incorporating a mix
of technical and structural measures; (vii) use of traditional knowledge; (viii) systematic
recording of empirical evidence; and (ix) compensation, alternative livelihoods and
income-generating activities.
The contributed papers are reproduced as submitted.
Westlund, L.; Charles, A.; Garcia S.; Sanders, J. (eds). 2017.
Marine protected areas: Interactions with fishery livelihoods and food security.
FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper No. 603. Rome, FAO.
v
Contents
Preparation of this document iii
Abstract iv
Contributors vii
Abbreviations and acronyms ix
Introduction 1
MPAs and fisheries in the context of food security and sustainable
livelihoods in Indonesia: Case study of MPAs in Karimunjawa and
Mayalibit Papua, Indonesia 5
Laely Nurhidayah and Shawkat Alam
Analysis of small-scale fishery development within Costa Rica’s MPA
system 21
Andrew B. Bystrom
Establishing freshwater protected areas to protect biodiversity and
improve food security in the Philippines 31
Jan van der Ploeg, Lien Vermeersch, Dominic Rodriguez, Marites Balbas and
Merlijn van Weerd
Fishers and Conservation: sharing the case study of Hinase, Japan 43
Izumi Tsurita, Masakazu Hori and Mitsutaku Makino
Changes in fisheries production following large scale expansion of
no-take closures within the Great Barrier Reef, Australia: the results,
the debate and implications for policies related to food security 51
Warrick J. Fletcher
Alternative Solutions for a traditional society undergoing change:
support for adding value to Imraguen fishery products from Banc
d’Arguin National Park, Mauritania 57
Djibril Ly
The positive relationship between the Ostional community and the
conservation of olive ridley sea turtles at Ostional National Wildlife
Refuge, Costa Rica 69
Carlos Mario Orrego and Norma Rodríguez
Integrating conservation and development in Madagascar’s marine
protected areas 85
Ambroise Brenier and Aurélie Vogel
‘The fishermen do it tough, you know’: Oral histories highlight varied
impacts on commercial fishers’ livelihoods with the introduction of
the Solitary Islands Marine Park, Australia 99
Nicola Johnstone, Hamish Malcolm, Arianne Reis, Philip Hayward and Jo Kijas
Impacts of Marine Protected Areas on Livelihoods and Food Security
of the Bajau as an Indigenous Migratory People in Maritime
Southeast Asia 113
Natasha Stacey, Greg Acciaioli, Julian Clifton and Dirk J. Steenbergen
vi
Marine reserves and food security: why we failed so far to build
robust evidence 127
Christophe Béné
Interactions of marine protected areas with fishery livelihoods and
food security: concluding discussion 151
Serge M. Garcia, Anthony Charles, Jessica Sanders and Lena Westlund
vii
Contributors
Greg ACCIAIOLI
University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
Shawkat ALAM
Macquarie Law School and Director, Centre for Environmental Law Macquarie
University, Sydney, Australia
Marites BALBAS
Mabuwaya Foundation, Philippines
Christophe BÉNÉ
International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Colombia
Ambroise BRENIER
Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York, United States of America
Andrew B. BYSTROM
Unidad de Investigación Pesquera y Acuicultura (UNIP) of the Centro de
Investigación en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología (CIMAR), Universidad de Costa Rica,
San José, Costa Rica; Programa Restauración de Tortugas Marinas (PRETOMA)
Anthony CHARLES
School of the Environment and School of Business, Saint Mary’s University, Halifax,
Canada, & Fisheries Expert Group, IUCN Commission on Ecosystem Management
Julian CLIFTON
University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
Warrick J. FLETCHER
Department of Fisheries, Western Australia, Perth, Australia
Serge M. GARCIA
Fisheries Expert Group, IUCN Commission on Ecosystem Management Fiumicino,
Italy
Philip HAYWARD
Southern Cross University, Lismore, Australia, and Kagoshima University, Japan
Masakazu HORI
Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency
Nicola JOHNSTONE
NSW Department of Primary Industries, Coffs Harbour, Australia
Jo KIJAS
Southern Cross University, Lismore, Australia
Djibril LY
Parc National du Banc d’Arguin, Mauritania
Mitsutaku MAKINO
Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency
Hamish MALCOLM
NSW Department of Primary Industries, Coffs Harbour, Australia
Laely NURHIDAYAH
Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Jakarta, Indonesia
Carlos Mario ORREGO
Area de Conservación Tempisque, Sistema Nacional de Areas de Conservación, Costa
Rica
viii
Arianne REIS
Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, Australia and Southern Cross University,
Coffs Harbour, Australia
Dominic RODRIGUEZ
Mabuwaya Foundation and Isabela State University, Philippines
Norma RODRÍGUEZ
Area de Conservación Tempisque, Sistema Nacional de Areas de Conservación, Costa
Rica
Jessica SANDERS
Fisheries and Aquaculture Department, Food and Agriculture Organization of the
United Nations, Rome, Italy
Natasha STACEY
Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia
Dirk J. STEENBERGEN
Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia
Izumi TSURITA
University of Tokyo, Japan
Jan VAN DER PLOEG
WorldFish, Solomon Islands and Mabuwaya Foundation, Philippines
Merlijn VAN WEERD
Leiden University, the Netherlands and Mabuwaya Foundation, Philippines
Lien VERMEERSCH
Leiden University, the Netherlands
Aurélie VOGEL
GRET, Nogent-sur-Marne, France
Adele WESSELL
Southern Cross University, Lismore, Australia
Lena WESTLUND
Fisheries and Aquaculture Department, Food and Agriculture Organization of the
United Nations, Rome, Italy