Marine propellers and propulsion

539 Pages·2012·40.675 MB·English

by  J S Carlton

Marine Propellers and Propulsion
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Marine Propellers and
Propulsion
Third Edition
J S Carlton FREng
Professor of Marine Engineering, City University London
President of the Institute of Marine Engineering,
Science and Technology 2010/11

AMSTERDAMlBOSTONlHEIDELBERGlLONDONlNEWYORKlOXFORD
PARISlSANDIEGOlSANFRANCISCOlSINGAPORElSYDNEYlTOKYO
Butterworth-HeinemannisanimprintofElsevier
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Firstedition1994
Secondedition2007
Thirdedition2012
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Contents
PrefacetotheThirdEdition xi 4. The Propeller Environment 47
PrefacetotheSecondEdition xiii 4.1. DensityofWater 47
PrefacetotheFirstEdition xv 4.2. Salinity 48
GeneralNomenclature xvii 4.3. WaterTemperature 49
4.4. Viscosity 49
4.5. VaporPressure 50
4.6. DissolvedGasesinSeaWater 50
1. The Early Development of the
4.7. SurfaceTension 51
Screw Propeller 1 4.8. Weather 51
ReferencesandFurtherReading 9 4.9. SiltandMarineOrganisms 55
ReferencesandFurtherReading 56
2. Propulsion Systems
11
2.1. FixedPitchPropellers 11 5. The Ship Wake Field 57
2.2. DuctedPropellers 13 5.1. GeneralWakeFieldCharacteristics 57
2.3. PoddedandAzimuthingPropulsors 16 5.2. WakeFieldDefinition 59
2.4. Contra-RotatingPropellers 16 5.3. TheNominalWakeField 61
2.5. OverlappingPropellers 17 5.4. EstimationofWakeFieldParameters 62
2.6. TandemPropellers 18 5.5. EffectiveWakeField 65
2.7. ControllablePitchPropellers 19 5.6. WakeFieldScaling 67
2.8. SurfacePiercingPropellers 21 5.7. WakeQualityAssessment 70
2.9. WaterjetPropulsion 21 5.8. WakeFieldMeasurement 72
2.10. CycloidalPropellers 22 ReferencesandFurtherReading 77
2.11. PaddleWheels 23
2.12. MagnetohydrodynamicPropulsion 24 6. Propeller Performance
2.13. Whale-TailPropulsion 27 Characteristics 79
ReferencesandFurtherReading 27 6.1. GeneralOpenWaterCharacteristics 79
3. Propeller Geometry 6.2. TheEffectofCavitationonOpenWater
29
Characteristics 85
3.1. FramesofReference 29
6.3. PropellerScaleEffects 87
3.2. PropellerReferenceLines 30
6.4. SpecificPropellerOpenWater
3.3. Pitch 31 Characteristics 89
3.4. RakeandSkew 33 6.5. StandardSeriesData 93
3.5. PropellerOutlinesandArea 35 6.6. Multi-QuadrantSeriesData 112
3.6. PropellerDrawingMethods 38 6.7. SlipstreamContractionandFlow
3.7. SectionGeometryandDefinition 38 VelocitiesintheWake 119
3.8. BladeThicknessDistributionand
6.8. Behind-HullPropellerCharacteristics 133
ThicknessFraction 42 6.9. PropellerVentilation 134
3.9. BladeInterferenceLimitsfor
ReferencesandFurtherReading 136
ControllablePitchPropellers 43
3.10. ControllablePitchPropellerOff-Design
7. Theoretical Methods e Basic
SectionGeometry 43
Concepts
3.11. MiscellaneousConventionalPropeller 137
GeometryTerminology 46 7.1. BasicAerofoilSectionCharacteristics 139
ReferencesandFurtherReading 46 7.2. VortexFilamentsandSheets 141
vii
viii Contents
7.3. FieldPointVelocities 142 10.4. NoisePredictionandControl 262
7.4. TheKuttaCondition 144 10.5. TransversePropulsionUnitNoise 263
7.5. TheStartingVortex 145 10.6. MeasurementofRadiatedNoise 263
7.6. ThinAerofoilTheory 146 10.7. NoiseinRelationtoMarineMammals 264
7.7. PressureDistributionCalculations 149 ReferencesandFurtherReading 268
7.8. BoundaryLayerGrowthOver
anAerofoil 154 11. Propeller, Ship and Rudder
7.9. TheFiniteWing 158 Interaction 271
7.10. ModelsofPropellerAction 160 11.1. BearingForcesandMoments 271
7.11. SourceandVortexPanelMethods 163 11.2. HydrodynamicInteraction 288
7.12. Euler,LagrangianandNaviereStokes 11.3. PropellereRudderInteraction 293
Methods 164 ReferencesandFurtherReading 297
ReferencesandFurtherReading 166
12. Ship Resistance and Propulsion
299
8. Theoretical and Analytical Methods
12.1. Froude’sAnalysisProcedure 300
Relating to Propeller Action
169 12.2. ComponentsofCalmWaterResistance 301
8.1. MomentumTheoryeRankine(1865); 12.3. MethodsofResistanceEvaluation 311
R.E.Froude(1887) 169 12.4. PropulsiveCoefficients 323
8.2. BladeElementTheorye
12.5. TheInfluenceofRoughWater 325
W.Froude(1878) 171 12.6. RestrictedWaterEffects 327
8.3. PropellerTheoreticalDevelopment
12.7. High-SpeedHullformResistance 328
(1900e1930) 172 12.8. AirResistance 330
8.4. Burrill’sAnalysisProcedure(1944) 174 ReferencesandFurtherReading 330
8.5. LerbsAnalysisMethod(1952) 180
8.6. EckhardtandMorgan’sDesign 13. Thrust Augmentation Devices
333
Method(1955) 183 13.1. DevicesBeforethePropeller 334
8.7. LiftingSurfaceCorrection
13.2. DevicesatthePropeller 337
FactorseMorganetal. 188
13.3. DevicesBehindthePropeller 341
8.8. LiftingSurfaceModels 193
13.4. CombinationsofSystems 342
8.9. LiftingLineeLiftingSurfaceHybrid
ReferencesandFurtherReading 342
Models 194
8.10. VortexLatticeMethods 194 14. Transverse Thrusters
343
8.11. BoundaryElementMethods 198
8.12. MethodsforSpecialistPropulsors 200 14.1. TransverseThrusters 343
8.13. ComputationalFluidDynamicsAnalysis 202 14.2. SteerableInternalDuctThrusters 350
ReferencesandFurtherReading 204 ReferencesandFurtherReading 352
15. Azimuthing and Podded
9. Cavitation
209
Propulsors
9.1. TheBasicPhysicsofCavitation 210 353
9.2. TypesofCavitationExperienced 15.1. AzimuthingThrusters 353
byPropellers 214 15.2. PoddedPropulsors 356
9.3. CavitationConsiderationsinDesign 221 ReferencesandFurtherReading 362
9.4. CavitationInception 229
16. Waterjet Propulsion
9.5. Cavitation-InducedDamage 234 363
9.6. CavitationTestingofPropellers 239 16.1. BasicPrincipleofWaterjetPropulsion 364
9.7. AnalysisofMeasuredPressureData 16.2. ImpellerTypes 366
fromaCavitatingPropeller 243 16.3. ManeuveringAspectsofWaterjets 367
9.8. TheCFDPredictionofCavitation 245 16.4. WaterjetComponentDesign 367
ReferencesandFurtherReading 248 ReferencesandFurtherReading 371
10. Propeller Noise 17. Full-Scale Trials
251 373
10.1. PhysicsofUnderwaterSound 251 17.1. PowerAbsorptionMeasurements
10.2. NatureofPropellerNoise 255 andTrials 373
10.3. NoiseScalingRelationships 261 17.2. BollardPullTrials 379
Contents ix
17.3. Propeller-InducedHullSurface 22.3. TheEnergyEfficiencyDesignIndex 433
PressureMeasurements 381 22.4. TheChoiceofPropellerType 435
17.4. CavitationObservations 382 22.5. ThePropellerDesignBasis 438
ReferencesandFurtherReading 383 22.6. TheUseofStandardSeriesData
inDesign 442
18. Propeller Materials
385 22.7. DesignConsiderations 445
18.1. GeneralPropertiesofPropeller 22.8. TheDesignProcess 452
Materials 385 ReferencesandFurtherReading 458
18.2. SpecificPropertiesofPropeller
Materials 388 23. Operational Problems 459
18.3. MechanicalProperties 393 23.1. PerformanceRelatedProblems 459
18.4. TestProcedures 394 23.2. PropellerIntegrityRelatedProblems 465
ReferencesandFurtherReading 396 23.3. ImpactorGrounding 467
ReferencesandFurtherReading 467
19. Propeller Blade Strength
397
19.1. CantileverBeamMethod 397 24. Service Performance and Analysis 469
19.2. NumericalBladeStress 24.1. EffectsofWeather 469
ComputationalMethods 402 24.2. HullRoughnessandFouling 469
19.3. DetailedStrengthDesign 24.3. HullDragReduction 478
Considerations 405 24.4. PropellerRoughnessandFouling 478
19.4. PropellerBackingStresses 408 24.5. GeneralizedEquationsforthe
19.5. BladeRootFilletDesign 408 Roughness-InducedPowerPenalties
19.6. ResidualBladeStresses 409 inShipOperation 482
19.7. AllowableDesignStresses 410 24.6. MonitoringofShipPerformance 485
19.8. Full-ScaleBladeStrain ReferencesandFurtherReading 492
Measurement 413
ReferencesandFurtherReading 414 25. Propeller Tolerances and
Inspection
495
20. Propeller Manufacture
415
25.1. PropellerTolerances 495
20.1. TraditionalManufacturingMethod 415 25.2. PropellerInspection 495
20.2. ChangestotheTraditionalTechnique
ReferencesandFurtherReading 500
ofManufacture 419
ReferencesandFurtherReading 420 26. Propeller Maintenance and Repair 501
21. Propeller Blade Vibration 26.1. CausesofPropellerDamage 501
421
26.2. PropellerRepair 503
21.1. Flat-PlateBladeVibrationinAir 421 26.3. WeldingandtheExtentofWeld
21.2. VibrationofPropellerBladesinAir 422 Repairs 505
21.3. TheEffectofImmersioninWater 422 26.4. StressRelief 507
21.4. SimpleEstimationMethods 425 ReferencesandFurtherReading 508
21.5. FiniteElementAnalysis 426
21.6. PropellerBladeDamping 427 Bibliography 509
21.7. PropellerSinging 428 Index 511
ReferencesandFurtherReading 429
22. Propeller Design
431
22.1. TheDesignandAnalysisLoop 431
22.2. DesignConstraints 433