Marine Pollution and Human Health

183 Pages·2011·17.17 MB·English

by  R E Hester

Issues in Environmental Science and Technology Vol 33
Edited by R E Hester and R M Harrison
Marine Pollution and
Human Health
M
a
r
i
n
e

P
o
l
l
u
t
i
o
n

a
n
d

H
u
m
a
n

H
e
a
l
t
h
H
e
s
t
e
r
&
H
a
r
r
is
o
n
Marine Pollution and Human Health
ISSUES IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
EDITORS:
R.E.Hester,UniversityofYork,UK
R.M.Harrison,UniversityofBirmingham,UK
EDITORIALADVISORYBOARD:
P.Crutzen,Max-Planck-Institutfu¨rChemie,Germany,S.J.deMora,PlymouthMarineLabora-
tory,UK,G.Eduljee,SITA,UK,L.Heathwaite,LancasterUniversity,UK,S.Holgate,University
ofSouthampton,UK,P.K.Hopke,ClarksonUniversity,USA,SirJohnHoughton,Meteorological
Office, UK, P. Leinster, Environment Agency, UK, J. Lester, Imperial College of Science,
TechnologyandMedicine,UK,P.S.Liss,SchoolofEnvironmentalSciences,UniversityofEast
Anglia, UK, D. Mackay, Trent University, Canada, A. Proctor, Food Science Department,
UniversityofArkansas,USA,D.Taylor,AstraZenecaplc,UK.
TITLESINTHESERIES:
1:MininganditsEnvironmentalImpact 17:GlobalEnvironmentalChange
2:WasteIncinerationandtheEnvironment 18:EnvironmentalandHealthImpactofSolid
3:WasteTreatmentandDisposal WasteManagementActivities
4:VolatileOrganicCompoundsinthe 19:SustainabilityandEnvironmentalImpactof
Atmosphere RenewableEnergySources
5:AgriculturalChemicalsandthe 20:TransportandtheEnvironment
Environment 21:SustainabilityinAgriculture
6:ChlorinatedOrganicMicropollutants 22:ChemicalsintheEnvironment:Assessing
7:ContaminatedLandanditsReclamation andManagingRisk
8:AirQualityManagement 23:AlternativestoAnimalTesting
9:RiskAssessmentandRiskManagement 24:Nanotechnology
10:AirPollutionandHealth 25:BiodiversityUnderThreat
11:EnvironmentalImpactofPower 26:EnvironmentalForensics
Generation 27:ElectronicWasteManagement
12:EndocrineDisruptingChemicals 28:AirQualityinUrbanEnvironments
13:ChemistryintheMarineEnvironment 29:CarbonCapture
14:CausesandEnvironmentalImplicationsof 30:EcosystemServices
IncreasedUV-BRadiation 31:SustainableWater
15:FoodSafetyandFoodQuality 32:NuclearPowerandtheEnvironment
16:AssessmentandReclamationof 33:MarinePollutionandHumanHealth
ContaminatedLand
Howtoobtainfuturetitlesonpublication:
Asubscriptionisavailableforthisseries.Thiswillbringdeliveryofeachnewvolumeimmediately
onpublicationandalsoprovideyouwithonlineaccesstoeachtitleviatheInternet.Forfurther
informationvisithttp://www.rsc.org/issuesorwritetotheaddressbelow.
Forfurtherinformationpleasecontact:
Sales and Customer Care, Royal Society of Chemistry, Thomas Graham House, Science Park,
MiltonRoad,Cambridge,CB40WF,UK
Telephone:[phone],Fax:[phone],Email:[email protected]
ISSUES IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
EDITORS:R.E.HESTERANDR.M.HARRISON
33
Marine Pollution and Human Health
ISBN: 978-1-84973-240-6
ISSN: 1350-7583
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary
rRoyalSocietyofChemistry2011
Allrightsreserved
Apartfromfairdealingforthepurposesofresearchfornon-commercialpurposesorfor
privatestudy,criticismorreview,aspermittedundertheCopyright,DesignsandPatents
Act1988andtheCopyrightandRelatedRightsRegulations2003,thispublicationmaynot
bereproduced,storedortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,withouttheprior
permissioninwritingofTheRoyalSocietyofChemistryorthecopyrightowner,orinthe
caseofreproductioninaccordancewiththetermsoflicencesissuedbytheCopyright
LicensingAgencyintheUK,orinaccordancewiththetermsofthelicencesissuedbythe
appropriateReproductionRightsOrganizationoutsidetheUK.Enquiriesconcerning
reproductionoutsidethetermsstatedhereshouldbesenttoTheRoyalSocietyof
Chemistryattheaddressprintedonthispage.
TheRSCisnotresponsibleforindividualopinionsexpressedinthiswork.
PublishedbyTheRoyalSocietyofChemistry,
ThomasGrahamHouse,SciencePark,MiltonRoad,
CambridgeCB40WF,UK
RegisteredCharityNumber207890
Forfurtherinformationseeourwebsiteatwww.rsc.org
Preface
There is growing concern about the state of the world’s oceans. The rapid
growth of human populations in coastal regions has led to increasing depen-
dence on marine resources, with both positive and negative impacts on
human health. Beneficial features related to food supply and life style need to
be balanced against the hazards presented, such as microbial pathogens,
chemical pollutants from industry and toxic algal blooms. In this book, a
group of experts, representing a wide range of disciplines and drawn from
several countries in Europe and the USA, present a critical and timely review
of the key aspects of the marine environment in relation to human health.
IcarusAllenofthePlymouthMarineLaboratory,UK,presentsanoverview
of the whole of the subject in the first chapter and sets the scene for the more
focused and specialised chapters that follow. He points to the many beneficial
goods and services to mankind provided by the marine environment but also
pointstowaysinwhichitposesarisktothehealthofcoastalpopulations.This
overview demonstrates the need for integration of a wide range of disciplines,
from physical oceanography and marine biology to molecular biology and
epidemiology, in order to understand and predict the consequences of envir-
onmental changes and exploitation of natural resources upon our coastal
ecosystems and upon society, including human health.
JillStewartoftheUniversityofNorthCarolina,USA,togetherwithseveral
ofhercolleaguesfromotherprominentAmericaninstitutions,thengiveawide-
ranginganddetailedreviewofwaterbornepathogensinChapter2.Thechapter
summarisesthetypesofpathogensthatareathreattohumanhealth,aswellas
thefecal-indicatorbacteriathatarecommonlyusedassurrogatesforpathogens
in regulatory and research applications. Recent and previous epidemiology
studies linking microbial measures of water quality to health outcomes are
discussed in detail. The chapter provides an overview of the pathogens,
microbial measures and policy implications important for protecting humans
from exposure to pathogens in marine waters.
In Chapter 3 James Readman and colleagues from the Plymouth Marine
Lab,UK,andtheInstitutoEspan˜oldeOceanografı´ainMurcia,Spain,discuss
IssuesinEnvironmentalScienceandTechnology,33
MarinePollutionandHumanHealth
EditedbyR.E.HesterandR.M.Harrison
rRoyalSocietyofChemistry2011
PublishedbytheRoyalSocietyofChemistry,www.rsc.org
v
vi Preface
the topic of estuarine and marine pollutants. In relation to human health, the
consumption of contaminated seafood is the major route of uptake and has
implications with respect to the growth of aquaculture. The chapter addresses
prioritypollutants,emergingcontaminantspresentlyunderscrutiny(including
nanoparticles) and plastics. Climate change implications and their effects on
pollution are also investigated and future issues of concern are debated.
KeithDavidsonandhiscolleaguesfromtheScottishAssociationforMarine
Science in Oban, Scotland, and the Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute in
Belfast, Northern Ireland, review the subject of harmful algal blooms (HABs)
inChapter4.Somespeciesofphytoplanktonproducebiotoxinswhichbecome
concentratedinthefleshoforganisms(particularlybivalvemolluscs)thatfilter-
feedon theplankton.While inmost cases there areno adverse effects tothese
primary consumers, this concentrating mechanism creates a risk to health if
the shellfish are consumed by humans. The chapter reviews these issues and
the methodologies used to safeguard human health from HAB-generated
syndromes.
InthefinalchapterbyMichaelMooreandhiscolleaguesfromthePlymouth
Marine Lab and the Peninsula Medical School, Cornwall, UK, the scientific
challengesandpolicyneedsrelevanttothisareaarediscussed.Recognisingthat
humanhealthandwellbeingareatriskfromincreasedburdensofbacterialand
viralpathogensfromsewageandagriculturalfaecalrun-off,aswellaschemical
and particulate waste from a variety of sources such as industry, domestic
effluent,combustionprocesses,agriculturalrun-offofpesticidesandnutrients,
transport and road run-off, the need for new policy formulation to deal with
these problems is urgent. The chapter proposes a holistic systems approach,
such as Integrated Coastal Zone Management, to address the highly inter-
connected scientific challenges of increased human population pressure,
pollution and over-exploitation of food (and other) resources as drivers of
adverse ecological, social and economic impacts, and the urgent and critical
requirement for effective public health solutions to be developed through the
formulation of politically and environmentally meaningful policies.
We are pleased to acknowledge the guidance given by Steve de Mora,
DirectorofthePlymouthMarineLaboratory,inproducingthisvolume,which
we hope will be found useful by all involved in marine science and environ-
mental management and policy.
Ronald E. Hester
Roy M. Harrison
Contents
Editors xi
List of Contributors xiii
Marine Environment and Human Health: An Overview 1
J. Icarus Allen
1 Introduction 1
2 Conceptual Framework 5
3 Issues addressed in this Book 10
3.1 Pathogens 10
3.2 Pollutants 11
3.3 Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) 12
3.4 Public Health and Wellbeing 14
3.5 Scientific Challenges and Policy Needs 15
4 Towards a Systems Approach 16
References 21
Waterborne Pathogens 25
Jill R. Stewart, Lora E. Fleming, Jay M. Fleisher,
Amir M. Abdelzaher and M. Maille Lyons
1 Introduction 25
2 Human Pathogens in the Marine Environment 27
2.1 Pathogens Introduced to the Oceans 27
2.2 Pathogens Indigenous to the Oceans 30
2.3 Differentiating Pathogenic from Non-Pathogenic Microbes 30
2.4 Pathogen Distribution 31
2.5 Pathogen Detection 32
IssuesinEnvironmentalScienceandTechnology,33
MarinePollutionandHumanHealth
EditedbyR.E.HesterandR.M.Harrison
rRoyalSocietyofChemistry2011
PublishedbytheRoyalSocietyofChemistry,www.rsc.org
vii
viii Contents
3 Fecal Indicator Bacteria 32
3.1 Development and Usage 33
3.2 Limitations 35
4 Alternative Measures of Microbial Quality 38
4.1 The Ideal Indicator 38
4.2 Alternative Indicators 39
4.3 Microbial Source Tracking 40
5 Molecular Methods: A Revolution in Detection Technologies 42
6 Epidemiological Studies: Linking Microbial Measures to
Human Health 44
7 Modeling Pathogens in Marine Waters 53
7.1 Modeling Aquatic Pathogens: The Example of Vibrios 53
7.2 Coupling Modeling and Remote Sensing 55
7.3 Use of Models in Management: Fecal Indicator Bacteria 56
8 The Future of Beach Regulation 56
References 58
Estuarine and Marine Pollutants 68
JamesW.Readman,EnikoKadar,JohnA.J.ReadmanandCarlosGuitart
1 Context 68
2 Public Perception 70
3 Priority Substances and Legislation 71
4 Emerging Contaminants 74
4.1 Industrial Emerging Contaminants 75
4.2 Other Emerging Contaminants 78
5 Nanoparticles 80
5.1 Sources and Environmental Behaviour 80
6 Plastics 84
7 Complex Mixtures: Causality of Effects 85
8 Climate Change and Pollutants 86
9 Future Issues 88
References 89
Harmful Algal Blooms 95
Keith Davidson, Paul Tett and Richard Gowen
1 Phytoplankton 95
1.1 Harmful Phytoplankton 98
1.2 Mechanisms of Harm to Human Health 99
1.3 The Scale of the Problem 99
2 Human Health Syndromes 99
2.1 Shellfish Poisoning 99
Contents ix
2.2 Causative Organisms and Toxins 100
2.2.1 Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) 100
2.2.2 Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning (ASP) 101
2.2.3 Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning (DSP) 102
2.2.4 Other Lipophilic Shellfish Toxins (LSTs) 103
2.2.5 Neurotoxic Shellfish Poisoning (NSP) 104
2.3 Respiratory Illness 105
2.4 Fish Vectored Illness 105
2.5 Cyanobacteria 106
2.6 The Role of Harmful Phytoplankton in Influencing Human
Wellbeing 106
2.6.1 Microflagellates 107
2.6.2 Other Dinoflagellates 107
2.6.3 Diatoms 108
3 Harmful Algal Blooms in UK Coastal Waters 108
3.1 Shellfish Poisoning 108
3.1.1 Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) 109
3.1.2 Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning (ASP) 110
3.1.3 Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning (DSP) 111
3.1.4 Azaspiracid Poisoning (AZP) 111
3.2 Other Harmful Phytoplankton in UK Waters 111
3.2.1 Karenia mikimotoi 111
3.2.2 Other Dinoflagellates 112
3.2.3 Phaeocystis 112
3.2.4 Microflagellates 112
3.2.5 Diatoms and Silicoflagellates 113
3.2.6 Other Species of Pelagic Microplankton 113
4 Safeguarding Health 113
4.1 Monitoring 113
4.2 Are Algal Toxins a Public Health Problem? 116
4.3 Early Warning Methodologies and Mitigation 117
4.4 Introductions and Transfers of New Species 119
4.5 Climate Change 120
Acknowledgements 121
References 121
Scientific Challenges and Policy Needs 128
Michael N. Moore, Richard Owen and Michael H. Depledge
1 Introduction 129
2 Key Science Challenges for Marine Environment and Human
Health 135
2.1 Linking Ecosystem Integrity, Ecosystem Services and Human
Health 135