Marine Ornamental Species: Collection, Culture and Conservation

442 Pages·2003·29.91 MB·English

by  James C. Cato

MARINE
ORNAMENTAL
SPECIES
COLLECTION,
CULTURE &
CONSERVATION
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MARINE
ORNAMENTAL
SPECIES
COLLECTION,
CULTURE &
CONSERVATION
Edited by
JAMES C. CATO
CHRISTOPHER L. BROWN
Iowa State Press
A Blackwell Publishing Company
James C. Cato, Ph.D., is Director of the Florida Sea Grant College Program and
Professor at the University of Florida. He earned B.S. and M.S. degrees at Texas Tech
University and his Ph.D. in Food and Resource Economics at the University of Florida.
Dr. Cato has organized or participated in about 100 conferences and workshops, has
given 96 papers and presentations, and has authored or co-authored over 150 publica-
tions. His academic achievements cover many aspects of coastal and marine econom-
ics including boating, marinas, fisheries, aquaculture, and the value of safer seafood.
Recent priority areas of the Florida Sea Grant College Program include marine biotech-
nology, fisheries, aquaculture (including marine ornamental fish), seafood safety, sus-
tainable water-dependent businesses, water quality, coastal ecosystems and habitats
and coastal storms.
Christopher L. Brown, Ph.D., is Director of the Marine Biology Program and
Associate Chairman of the Department of Biological Science at Florida International
University. He graduated with honors from Union College, New York, earned his Ph.D.
at the University of Delaware, and had postdoctoral training at the University of
California, Berkeley. Dr. Brown's first faculty appointment was at the University of
Hawaii, where he developed a research focus on ornamental fish culture and proposed
the first international meeting on marine ornamentals. His bibliography includes 50
publications on fish developmental biology and aquaculture.
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® Printed on acid-free paper in the United States of America
First edition, 2003
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Marine ornamental species: collection, culture, and conservation /
edited by James C. Cato and Christopher L. Brown
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-8138-2987-9 (alk. paper)
1. Ornamental fishes. 2. Marine aquarium fishes. 3. Ornamental fish trade.
I. Cato, James C. II. Brown, Christopher L. 1952-
SF457.1 M36 2003
639.34'2—dc21 2002154431
The last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 21
Contents
Preface ix
Acknowledgments xi
Contributors xiii
Introduction xix
I. Introduction
1. Marine Ornamentals Industry 2001: Priority Recommendations for a
Sustainable Future 3
John S. Corbin, James C. Cato, and Christopher L. Brown
2. Culture of Marine Ornamentals: For Love, for Money, and for Science 11
Martin A. Moe, Jr.
II. Progress and Current Trends in Marine Ornamentals
A. Trade, Marketing, and Economics
3. International Trade in Marine Aquarium Species: Using the
Global Marine Aquarium Database 31
Edmund Green
4. World Trade in Ornamental Species 49
Katia Olivier
5. The Consumption of Marine Ornamental Fish in the United States:
A Description from U.S. Import Data 65
Cristina M. Balboa
6 The U.S. Wholesale Marine Ornamental Market: Trade, Landings,
and Market Opinions 77
Sherry L. Larkin
B. Health Management
7. Disease Diagnosis in Ornamental Marine Fish: A Retrospective
Analysis of 129 Cases 93
Ruth Francis-Floyd and RuthEllen Klinger
8. Captive Nutritional Management of Herbivorous Reef Fish Using
Surgeonfish (Acanthuridae) as a Model 101
G. Christopher Tilghman, Ruth Francis-Floyd, and RuthEllen Klinger
C. Certification
9. The Marine Aquarium Industry and Reef Conservation 109
Bruce W. Bunting, Paul Holthus, and Sylvia Spalding
v
vi Contents
10. Wholesale and Retail Break-Even Prices for MAC-Certified Queen
Angelfish (Holancanthus ciliaris) 125
Sherry L. Larkin, Chris de Bodisco, and Robert L. Degner
D. Management
11. Community-Based Management of Coral Reefs: An Essential Requisite
for Certification of Marine Aquarium Products Harvested from Reefs
under Customary Marine Tenure 141
Austin Bowden-Kerby
12. Sustainable Management Guidelines for Stony Coral Fisheries 167
Andrew W. Bruckner
III. The Invertebrates
A. Live Rock Cultivation
13. The Economics of Live Rock and Live Coral Aquaculture 185
John E. Parks, Robert S. Pomeroy, and Christina M. Balboa
14. Aquacultured Live Rock as an Alternative to Imported Wild-Harvested
Live Rock: An Update 207
William W. Falls, J. Nicholas Ehringer, Roy Herndon, Teresa
Herndon, Michael Nichols, Sandy Nettles, Cynthia Armstrong,
and Darlene Haverkamp
B. Ornamental Shrimp
15. Overview of Marine Ornamental Shrimp Aquaculture 221
Ricardo Calado, Luis Narciso, Ricardo Araujo, and Junda Lin
C. Corals
16. Coral Culture—Possible Future Trends and Directions 233
Michael Arvedlund, Jamie Craggs, and Joe Pecorelli
IV. Reef Fish
A. Hatchery Methods
17. Research on Culturing the Early Life Stages of Marine 251
Ornamental Fish
G. Joan Holt
18. Out-of-Season Spawning of the Rainbow Shark, Epalzeorhynchus 255
frenatus: Freshwater Hatchery Technology with Marine Potential
Christopher L. Brown, Brian Cole, Claudia Farfan, and Clyde S. Tamaru
B. Feeding and Nutrition
19. Advances in the Culture of Rotifers for Use in Rearing Marine
Ornamental Fish 265
Clyde S. Tamaru, Harry Ako, Vernon T. Sato, and Ronald P. Weidenbach
C. Seahorses
20. Factors Affecting Successful Culture of the Seahorse, Hippocampus
abdominalis Leeson, 1827 277
Chris M.C. Woods
Contents vii
21. Rearing the Coral Seahorse, Hippocampus barbouri, on Live and
Inert Prey 289
Michael F. Payne
22. The Copepod/Artemia Tradeoff in the Captive Culture of Hippocampus
erectus, a Vulnerable Species in Lower New York State 297
Todd Gardner
V. Stakeholder Perspectives
A. Museums and Public Aquariums
23. The Role of Public Aquariums in the Conservation and Sustainability
of the Marine Ornamentals Trade 307
Heather Hall and Douglas Warmolts
B. Collectors
24. Trends Determined by Cyanide Testing on Marine Aquarium Fish in
the Philippines 327
Peter J. Rubec, Vaughan R. Pratt, Bryan McCullough, Benita Manipula,
Joy Alban, Theo Espero, and Emma R. Suplido
C. Hobbyists
25. Cultured Marine Ornamentals—Retail Consumer Perspectives 343
Scott E. Clement
D. Government
26. Balancing Collection and Conservation of Marine Ornamental
Species in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary 353
Billy D. Causey
E. NGOs/Environmental Management
27. Wild-Caught Marine Species and the Ornamental Aquatic Industry 363
John Dawes
28. Transforming the Marine Ornamentals Industry: A Business Approach 371
Andreas Merkl, Darcy L. Wheeles, John Claussen,
and Heather F. Thompson
General Index 381
Species Index 389
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Preface
By all accounts, Marine Ornamentals 2001: fessional group of people that made an initial
Collection, Culture and Conservation, was a attempt to come to grips with the interests, con-
highly successful meeting. The November 2001 cerns, and scientific progress of the marine or-
gathering in Orlando, Florida, was attended by namentals trade. The published products of that
more than 300 individuals from 23 countries, conference include a special 240-page volume
representing a broad cross-section of interests of Aquarium Sciences and Conservation, with
in the marine ornamental fish and invertebrate 19 chapters representing a diverse range of in-
industry, including scientists, hobbyists, stu- terests, and a 127-page Hawaii Sea Grant vol-
dents, commercial collectors, and representa- ume of contributed papers. The conference was
tives of government agencies. This, the second organized around the headings collection, cul-
assembly of its kind, yielded evidence of tech- ture, and conservation, and among the key
nical progress, new approaches to old prob- themes emerging at that conference was the de-
lems, and the attainment of a collective industry sire for the participants in this trade to regulate
voice on matters of universal concern. themselves in order to set and maintain a high
The group that assembled for Marine standard of environmental accountability in
Ornamentals 2001 represents an international their approach to the use and enjoyment of the
body of people that, until 1999, never really had world's reef resources. With that meeting, base-
a dedicated forum for discussion. For many line economic and biological data began to
years prior to that, academic, regulatory, and emerge, and many of the important conserva-
business practitioners certainly had ample rea- tion and economic issues began to come into
sons to get together, and there is nothing new focus. Although there were sharply differing
about the potential benefits of developing an in- points of view on a variety of details, a certain
dustrywide consensus about the best way to ap- commonality of interest became apparent
proach thorny conservation and economic is- among the participating representatives of gov-
sues. Nevertheless, and despite the magnitude erning agencies, public aquariums, aquaculture
of the economic scale of the marine ornamen- researchers, collectors, businesspeople, hobby-
tals trade, the marine segment of the interna- ists, and journalists. The common denominator
tional aquarium industry had only the options is that we all share in the love of reef organisms
of assembling as a subgroup among broader and have an abiding interest in their perpetua-
groups that included the overwhelmingly larger tion. Among the most important products of
freshwater component of the industry, or with Marine Ornamentals 1999 was a resounding
smaller groups that focused on marine orna- vote in favor of a second conference, which was
mental issues but not necessarily on an all-in- to be held in 2001 in Florida.
clusive, multidisciplinary global scale. In part The 2001 meeting held in Orlando, Florida,
this may have been the result of the recreation- drew worldwide registration and followed a
al nature of the consumer market that ornamen- program that explored and expanded upon
tal fish serve, which has had the tendency to ob- themes identified in the inaugural meeting in
scure the seriousness of reef conservation and 1999. Keynote and plenary speakers represent-
economic matters. Marine Ornamentals 1999 ed six different countries, and papers were con-
filled this vacancy, on something of a trial basis, tributed by authors from 13 countries. The con-
beginning with a four-day conference in Kona, cept of sustainability had come into
Hawaii. That conference attracted a multipro- prominence, and sessions stretching over two
ix