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ADVANCES IN MARINE BIOLOGY Series Editor MICHAEL LESSER Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences University of New Hampshire, Durham, USA Editors Emeritus LEE A. FUIMAN University of Texas at Austin CRAIG M. YOUNG Oregon Institute of Marine Biology Advisory Editorial Board ANDREW J. GOODAY Southampton Oceanography Centre SANDRA E. SHUMWAY University of Connecticut AcademicPressisanimprintofElsevier 32JamestownRoad,LondonNW17BY,UK 525BStreet,Suite1800,SanDiego,CA92101-4495,USA 225WymanStreet,Waltham,MA02451,USA TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB,UK Firstedition2014 Copyright©2014,ElsevierLtd.Allrightsreserved. Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans, electronicormechanical,includingphotocopying,recording,oranyinformationstorageand retrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublisher.Detailsonhowtoseek permission,furtherinformationaboutthePublisher’spermissionspoliciesandour arrangementswithorganizationssuchastheCopyrightClearanceCenterandtheCopyright LicensingAgency,canbefoundatourwebsite:www.elsevier.com/permissions. Thisbookandtheindividualcontributionscontainedinitareprotectedundercopyrightby thePublisher(otherthanasmaybenotedherein). Notices Knowledgeandbestpracticeinthisfieldareconstantlychanging.Asnewresearchand experiencebroadenourunderstanding,changesinresearchmethods,professionalpractices, ormedicaltreatmentmaybecomenecessary. Practitionersandresearchersmustalwaysrelyontheirownexperienceandknowledgein evaluatingandusinganyinformation,methods,compounds,orexperimentsdescribed herein.Inusingsuchinformationormethodstheyshouldbemindfuloftheirownsafetyand thesafetyofothers,includingpartiesforwhomtheyhaveaprofessionalresponsibility. Tothefullestextentofthelaw,neitherthePublishernortheauthors,contributors,oreditors, assumeanyliabilityforanyinjuryand/ordamagetopersonsorpropertyasamatterof productsliability,negligenceorotherwise,orfromanyuseoroperationofanymethods, products,instructions,orideascontainedinthematerialherein. ISBN:978-0-12-800214-8 ISSN:0065-2881 ForinformationonallAcademicPresspublications visitourwebsiteatstore.elsevier.com CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME 69 RichardAppeldoorn DepartmentofMarineSciences,UniversityofPuertoRico,Mayagu¨ez,PuertoRico FabioBadalamenti CNR-IAMCSedediCastellammaredelGolfo,CastellammaredelGolfo,Italy DavidK.A.Barnes BritishAntarcticSurvey,NaturalEnvironmentResearchCouncil,Cambridge,United Kingdom IvonneBejarano DepartmentofMarineSciences,UniversityofPuertoRico,Mayagu¨ez,PuertoRico MarkBelchier BritishAntarcticSurvey,NaturalEnvironmentResearchCouncil,Cambridge,United Kingdom HelenBloomfield SchoolofEnvironmentalSciences,UniversityofLiverpool,Liverpool,UnitedKingdom LouisW.Botsford DepartmentofWildlife,Fish,andConservationBiology,UniversityofCalifornia,Davis, California,USA JudithBrown GovernmentofSouthGeorgiaandtheSouthSandwichIslands,GovernmentHouse, Stanley,FalklandIslands BenCarr BostonUniversity,DepartmentofBiology,Boston,Massachusetts,USA MarkH.Carr DepartmentofEcologyandEvolution,UniversityofCalifornia,SantaCruz,California, USA JenniferE.Caselle MarineScienceInstitute,UniversityofCalifornia,SantaBarbara,California,USA AlexJ.Caveen SeafishIndustryAuthority,Grimsby,andSchoolofMarineScienceandTechnology, NewcastleUniversity,NewcastleuponTyne,UnitedKingdom MartinA.Collins GovernmentofSouthGeorgiaandtheSouthSandwichIslands,GovernmentHouse, Stanley,FalklandIslands GiovanniD’Anna CNR-IAMCSedediCastellammaredelGolfo,CastellammaredelGolfo,Italy JeffreyC.Drazen DepartmentofOceanography,UniversityofHawaii,Honolulu,HI,USA v vi ContributorstoVolume69 EuanDunn RoyalSocietyfortheProtectionofBirds,Bedfordshire,UnitedKingdom RichardP.Dunne WestBriscoe,BarnardCastle,Durham,UnitedKingdom GrahamFarebrother SydneyFishMarket,Pyrmont,NSW,AustraliaandFisheriesAquacultureandCoastsCentre, InstituteforMarineandAntarcticStudies,UniversityofTasmania,Hobart,Tasmania, Australia ClareFitzsimmons SchoolofMarineScienceandTechnology,NewcastleUniversity,NewcastleuponTyne, UnitedKingdom AlanM.Friedlander FisheriesEcologyResearchLaboratory,DepartmentofBiology,UniversityofHawaii, Honolulu,HI,andNationalGeographicSociety,Washington,DC,USA SusieM.Grant BritishAntarcticSurvey,NaturalEnvironmentResearchCouncil,Cambridge,United Kingdom TimS.Gray SchoolofGeographyPoliticsandSociology,NewcastleUniversity,NewcastleuponTyne, UnitedKingdom EdwinA.Herna´ndez-Delgado CenterforAppliedTropicalEcologyandConservation,CoralReefResearchGroup,and DepartmentofBiology,UniversityofPuertoRico,SanJuan,PuertoRico RayHilborn SchoolofAquaticandFisherySciences,UniversityofWashington,Box355020,Seattle, Washington,98195,USA RegenJamieson NewEnglandAquarium,1CentralWharf,Boston,MA,02110,USA MagnusL.Johnson CentreforEnvironmentalandMarineSciences,UniversityofHull,Scarborough,United Kingdom EstelleV.Jones SchoolofMarineScienceandTechnology,NewcastleUniversity,NewcastleuponTyne, UnitedKingdom LesKaufman NewEnglandAquarium,1CentralWharf,Boston,MA,02110;BostonUniversity, DepartmentofBiology,Boston,Massachusetts,andConservationInternational,Arlington, Virginia,USA BobKearney EmeritusProfessorinFisheriesManagement,InstituteforAppliedEcology,Universityof Canberra,BruceACT,Australia ContributorstoVolume69 vii JohnN.Kittinger ConservationInternational,BettyandGordonMooreCenterforScienceandOceans, Honolulu,HI,USA PaulaLightfoot SchoolofMarineScienceandTechnology,NewcastleUniversity,NewcastleuponTyne, UnitedKingdom SangeetaMangubhai NewEnglandAquarium,1CentralWharf,Boston,MA,02110,USA DanielMateos-Molina DepartmentofMarineSciences,UniversityofPuertoRico,Mayagu¨ez,PuertoRico,and DepartamentodeEcolog´ıaeHidrolog´ıa,UniversidaddeMurcia,CampusdeEspinardo, Murcia,Spain MichaelI.Nemeth DepartmentofMarineSciences,UniversityofPuertoRico,Mayagu¨ez,PuertoRico RichardS.Nemeth UniversityoftheVirginIslands,CenterforMarineandEnvironmentalStudies,St.Thomas, U.S.VirginIslands DavidObura NewEnglandAquarium,1CentralWharf,Boston,MA,02110,USA,andCORDIOEast Africa,P.O.Box1013,Mombasa,Kenya MargheritaPieraccini LawSchool,UniversityofBristol,Bristol,UnitedKingdom RayPierce EcoOceania,Speewah,Queensland,Australia CarloPipitone CNR-IAMCSedediCastellammaredelGolfo,CastellammaredelGolfo,Italy NicholasV.C.Polunin SchoolofMarineScienceandTechnology,NewcastleUniversity,NewcastleuponTyne, UnitedKingdom BetarimRimon PhoenixIslandProtectedAreaOffice,MinistryofEnvironment,LandsandAgriculture Development,P.O.Box234,Tarawa,Kiribati BudRis NewEnglandAquarium,1CentralWharf,Boston,MA,02110,USA,andPhoenixIslands ProtectedAreaConservationTrust,P.O.Box366,Tarawa,Kiribati RandiRotjan NewEnglandAquarium,1CentralWharf,Boston,MA,02110,USA PeterH.Sand Ludwig-Maximilians-Universita¨tMu¨nchen,Mu¨nchen,Germany StuartSandin ScrippsInstitutionofOceanography,UCSanDiego,LaJolla,California,USA viii ContributorstoVolume69 MichelleT.Scha¨rer-Umpierre InterdisciplinaryCenterforCoastalStudies,andDepartmentofMarineSciences,University ofPuertoRico,Mayagu¨ez,PuertoRico PeterShelley ConservationLawFoundation,Boston,Massachusetts,USA TylerB.Smith UniversityoftheVirginIslands,CenterforMarineandEnvironmentalStudies,St.Thomas, U.S.VirginIslands KostantinosA.Stamoulis FisheriesEcologyResearchLaboratory,DepartmentofBiology,UniversityofHawaii, Honolulu,HI,USA IainJ.Staniland BritishAntarcticSurvey,NaturalEnvironmentResearchCouncil,Cambridge,United Kingdom SelinaM.Stead SchoolofMarineScienceandTechnology,NewcastleUniversity,NewcastleuponTyne, UnitedKingdom GregStone ConservationInternational,Arlington,Virginia,USA,andPhoenixIslandsProtectedArea ConservationTrust,P.O.Box366,Tarawa,Kiribati U.RashidSumaila TheUniversityofBritishColumbiaFisheriesCentre,Vancouver,BritishColumbia,Canada ChristopherJ.Sweeting SchoolofMarineScienceandTechnology,NewcastleUniversity,NewcastleuponTyne, UnitedKingdom SueTaei ConservationInternationalPacificIslandsandOceansProgramme,P.O.Box2035,Apia, Samoa HeatherTausig NewEnglandAquarium,1CentralWharf,Boston,MA,02110,USA TukabuTeroroko PhoenixIslandProtectedAreaOffice,MinistryofEnvironment,LandsandAgriculture Development,P.O.Box234,andPhoenixIslandsProtectedAreaConservationTrust,P.O. Box366,Tarawa,Kiribati SimonThorrold WoodsHoleOceanographicInstitution,WoodsHole,Massachusetts,USA BrianN.Tissot MarineLaboratory,HumboldtStateUniversity,Trinidad,CA,USA TeueaToatu PhoenixIslandsProtectedAreaConservationTrust,P.O.Box366,Tarawa,Kiribati ContributorstoVolume69 ix PhilipN.Trathan BritishAntarcticSurvey,NaturalEnvironmentResearchCouncil,Cambridge,United Kingdom ManuelValde´s-Pizzini DepartmentofSocialSciences,UniversityofPuertoRico,Mayagu¨ez,PuertoRico Toma´sVegaFerna´ndez CNR-IAMCSedediCastellammaredelGolfo,CastellammaredelGolfo,Italy J.WilsonWhite DepartmentofBiologyandMarineBiology,UniversityofNorthCarolinaWilmington, Wilmington,NorthCarolina,USA BrookeWikgren NewEnglandAquarium,1CentralWharf,Boston,MA,02110,USA SERIES CONTENTS FOR LAST FIFTEEN YEARS* Volume 38, 2000. Blaxter, J. H. S. The enhancement of marine fish stocks. pp. 1–54. Bergstro€m, B. I. The biology of Pandalus. pp. 55–245. Volume 39, 2001. Peterson, C.H.The “ExxonValdez”oil spillin Alaska: acuteindirectand chronic effects on the ecosystem. pp. 1–103. Johnson, W. S., Stevens, M. and Watling, L. Reproduction and develop- ment of marine peracaridans. pp. 105–260. Rodhouse,P.G.,Elvidge,C.D.andTrathan,P.N.Remotesensingofthe global light-fishing fleet: an analysis of interactions with oceanography, other fisheries and predators. pp. 261–303. Volume 40, 2001. Hemmingsen,W.andMacKenzie,K.TheparasitefaunaoftheAtlanticcod, Gadus morhua L. pp. 1–80. Kathiresan, K. and Bingham, B. L. Biology of mangroves and mangrove ecosystems. pp. 81–251. Zaccone,G.,Kapoor,B.G.,Fasulo,S.andAinis,L.Structural,histochem- ical and functional aspects of the epidermis of fishes. pp. 253–348. Volume 41, 2001. Whitfield, M. Interactions between phytoplankton and trace metals in the ocean. pp. 1–128. Hamel,J.-F.,Conand,C.,Pawson,D.L.andMercier,A.Theseacucumber Holothuria scabra (Holothuroidea: Echinodermata): its biology and exploitation as beche-de-Mer. pp. 129–223. Volume 42, 2002. Zardus, J. D. Protobranch bivalves. pp. 1–65. Mikkelsen, P. M. Shelled opisthobranchs. pp. 67–136. Reynolds, P. D. The Scaphopoda. pp. 137–236. Harasewych, M. G. Pleurotomarioidean gastropods. pp. 237–294. *Thefulllistofcontentsforvolumes1–37canbefoundinvolume38 xv xvi SeriesContentsforLastFifteenYears Volume 43, 2002. Rohde, K. Ecology and biogeography of marine parasites. pp. 1–86. Ramirez Llodra, E. Fecundity and life-history strategies in marine inverte- brates. pp. 87–170. Brierley, A. S. and Thomas, D. N. Ecology of southern ocean pack ice. pp. 171–276. Hedley,J.D.andMumby,P.J.Biologicalandremotesensingperspectives of pigmentation in coral reef organisms. pp. 277–317. Volume 44, 2003. Hirst, A. G., Roff, J. C. and Lampitt, R. S. A synthesis of growth rates in epipelagic invertebrate zooplankton. pp. 3–142. Boletzky, S. von. Biology of early life stages in cephalopod molluscs. pp. 143–203. Pittman,S.J.andMcAlpine,C.A.Movementsofmarinefishanddecapod crustaceans: process, theory and application. pp. 205–294. Cutts, C. J. Culture of harpacticoid copepods: potential as live feed for rearing marine fish. pp. 295–315. Volume 45, 2003. Cumulative Taxonomic and Subject Index. Volume 46, 2003. Gooday, A. J. Benthic foraminifera (Protista) as tools in deep-water palaeoceanography: environmental influences on faunal characteristics. pp. 1–90. Subramoniam,T.andGunamalai,V.Breedingbiologyoftheintertidalsand crab, Emerita (Decapoda: Anomura). pp. 91–182. Coles,S.L.andBrown,B.E.Coralbleaching—capacityforacclimatization and adaptation. pp. 183–223. DalsgaardJ.,St.JohnM.,KattnerG.,Mu¨ller-NavarraD.andHagenW.Fatty acid trophic markers in the pelagic marine environment. pp. 225–340. Volume 47, 2004. Southward, A. J., Langmead, O., Hardman-Mountford, N. J., Aiken, J., Boalch, G. T., Dando, P. R., Genner, M. J., Joint, I., Kendall, M. A., Halliday, N. C., Harris, R. P., Leaper, R., Mieszkowska, N., Pingree, R. D., Richardson, A. J., Sims, D.W., Smith, T., Walne, A. W. and Hawkins, S. J. Long-term oceanographic and ecological research in the western English Channel. pp. 1–105. SeriesContentsforLastFifteenYears xvii Queiroga, H. and Blanton, J. Interactions between behaviour and physical forcinginthecontrolofhorizontaltransportofdecapodcrustaceanlarvae. pp. 107–214. Braithwaite,R.A.andMcEvoy,L.A.Marinebiofoulingonfishfarmsand its remediation. pp. 215–252. Frangoulis, C., Christou, E. D. and Hecq, J. H. Comparison of marine copepodoutfluxes:nature,rate,fateandroleinthecarbonandnitrogen cycles. pp. 253–309. Volume 48, 2005. Canfield,D.E.,Kristensen,E.andThamdrup,B.AquaticGeomicrobiology. pp.1–599. Volume 49, 2005. Bell,J.D.,Rothlisberg,P.C.,Munro,J.L.,Loneragan,N.R.,Nash,W.J., Ward, R. D. and Andrew, N. L. Restocking and stock enhancement of marine invertebrate fisheries. pp. 1–358. Volume 50, 2006. Lewis,J.B.BiologyandecologyofthehydrocoralMilleporaoncoralreefs. pp. 1–55. Harborne,A.R.,Mumby,P.J.,Micheli,F.,Perry,C.T.,Dahlgren,C.P., Holmes,K.E.,andBrumbaugh,D.R.ThefunctionalvalueofCaribbean coral reef, seagrass and mangrove habitats to ecosystem processes. pp. 57–189. Collins, M. A. and Rodhouse, P. G. K. Southern ocean cephalopods. pp. 191–265. Tarasov,V.G.Effectsofshallow-waterhydrothermalventingonbiological communities of coastal marine ecosystems of the western Pacific. pp. 267–410. Volume 51, 2006. ElenaGuijarroGarcia.ThefisheryforIcelandscallop(Chlamysislandica)in the Northeast Atlantic. pp. 1–55. Jeffrey, M. Leis. Are larvae of demersal fishes plankton or nekton? pp. 57–141. John C. Montgomery, Andrew Jeffs, Stephen D. Simpson, Mark Meekan and Chris Tindle. Sound as an orientation cue for the pelagic larvae of reef fishes and decapod crustaceans. pp. 143–196.

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