Marine mammal conservation and the law of the sea PDF
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OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,4/1/2016,SPi Meaning in Linguistic Interaction OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,4/1/2016,SPi OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,4/1/2016,SPi Meaning in Linguistic Interaction Semantics, Metasemantics, Philosophy of Language KASIA M. JASZCZOLT 1 OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,4/1/2016,SPi 3 GreatClarendonStreet,Oxford,OXDP, UnitedKingdom OxfordUniversityPressisadepartmentoftheUniversityofOxford. ItfurtherstheUniversity’sobjectiveofexcellenceinresearch,scholarship, andeducationbypublishingworldwide.Oxfordisaregisteredtrademarkof OxfordUniversityPressintheUKandincertainothercountries ©KasiaM.Jaszczolt Themoralrightsoftheauthorhavebeenasserted FirstEditionpublishedin Impression: Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedin aretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,withoutthe priorpermissioninwritingofOxfordUniversityPress,orasexpresslypermitted bylaw,bylicenceorundertermsagreedwiththeappropriatereprographics rightsorganization.Enquiriesconcerningreproductionoutsidethescopeofthe aboveshouldbesenttotheRightsDepartment,OxfordUniversityPress,atthe addressabove Youmustnotcirculatethisworkinanyotherform andyoumustimposethissameconditiononanyacquirer PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabyOxfordUniversityPress MadisonAvenue,NewYork,NY,UnitedStatesofAmerica BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData Dataavailable LibraryofCongressControlNumber: ISBN –––– PrintedinGreatBritainby ClaysLtd,StIvesplc LinkstothirdpartywebsitesareprovidedbyOxfordingoodfaithand forinformationonly.Oxforddisclaimsanyresponsibilityforthematerials containedinanythirdpartywebsitereferencedinthiswork. OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,4/1/2016,SPi Contents Preface vii Listofabbreviationsandsymbols x Introduction Wrongaboutmeaning . Settingthescene . Thepointofdeparture:Languagesystemorconversational interaction? . ‘Minimalists’,‘maximalists’,and‘fixers’ .. Optionsandprospectsfor‘minimalist’semantics .. Optionsandprospectsfor‘maximalist’semantics .. Somepointsofconvergence . Literalmeaning:Anorthogonalissue? .. The‘literal’confounded .. Why‘literal’can’tberestored .. ...orcanit? . Rethinkingthecontextualistoutlook .. Thesystematicityissue .. Salience-BasedContextualism .. Whosemeaning? .. Insearchoftheadequatecontent . Semantics,pragmatics,andtheirboundary:Beyond thestateoftheart .. TheroleofthelanguagesystemandCognitiveMinimalism .. Theroleofaformalmetalanguagein‘meaningasuse’ . Concludingremarksand‘post-border-wars’reflections Interactivecompositionofmeaning . Compositionalityanditsmyths .. Misplacedtruthconditions .. Misplacedfaithinlogicalform . Puttingitright:Thesemanticsoflinguisticinteraction .. AprécisofDefaultSemantics .. Themetaphysicsofgrammar .. DefaultSemanticsandadedicatedmodule:Adisclaimer .. Lexicon/grammar/pragmaticstrade-offs:Anexample ... Waystotemporality ... Vehiclesoftemporalreference OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,4/1/2016,SPi vi Contents Defaultsincontext . Salientmeaningsanddefaultmeanings . Primarymeaningvis-à-vistheexplicit/implicitdistinction . Psychologism:A‘corruptingintrusion’? . Concludingremarks Delimitingthelexicon . Dynamicwords .. Wherelexiconendsandpragmaticsbegins .. Againstmeaningshifts . Fluidcharacters .. Indexicalityandlanguageuse .. Thefacetsofcontext . Referringexpressionsandreferringagents Thedemiseofindexicals:Acasestudy . ExpressingtheSELF:Apreamble . First-personperspective . Delimitingthefirst-personindexical .. Aviewfromelsewhere .. Aviewfromhome .. Modeofself-presentation . DesethoughtsanddesereportsinDefaultSemantics . Disclaimers,conclusions,andfurtherprospects Conclusion:Dispellingsemanticmyths References Index OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,4/1/2016,SPi Preface This book offers a semantic and metasemantic inquiry into the representation of meaninginlinguisticinteraction.Semanticsisthereforeunderstoodbroadly,asrep- resentingconceptualstructuresthatrelynotonlyonnaturallanguageexpressionsbut alsoonotherwaysofconveyingintendedmeanings.Inallmymonographspublished so far I haveassumed the utility of such tools and concepts as truth conditions, the metalanguage of predicate calculus, and post-Gricean intentions. I also argued that someformoftheradicalcontextualists’ takeonthesemantics/pragmatics boundary issuewastheonlypromisingstanceasitallowsonetoselectthecognitivelyplausible object of inquiry, namely the intended, primary meaning, and adopt it as a unit of semanticanalysisinspiteofthevaryingprovenanceofthecontributinginformation— someofwhichistraceabletothelexiconandstructure,butsomeofwhichhastobe recovered through various pragmatic processes. These tools and assumptions are preservedinwhatfollowsbuttheyaretakentothenextlevelofdefendingasemantics that models the regularities over what agents intend to represent and what their interlocutorsgraspasrepresented.Necessarily,suchasemanticstranscendsthesaid/ implicateddistinctionandheavilyreliesonthedynamicconstructionofmeaningin discourse,discussedonthelevelsofconceptsassociatedwithlexicalitems,structures understoodhereasmentalstructurescorrespondingtointendedmeaningsexternal- izedbyallkindsofmeans,andspeechactsconveyedthroughthem. A particular version of such a contextualist orientation that focused on such sources and processes of interpretation was offered in my Default Semantics (a)andinRepresentingTime(a).Ifocusedonsourcesandprocessesrather thanonmaximsorheuristicsbecause,incontrasttosomepost-Griceans,Iconsider thelattertobelessworthyofattentionastheyaresimplycommon-senseprinciples ofrationalhumanbehaviourwhichGrice’sintellectualdescendantsstateindifferent ways, making a lot of unnecessary fuss about reclassifying his original maxims. WhetheronepresentsthemasfourmaximsàlaGrice,threeheuristicsàlaLevinson, twoprinciplesàlaHorn,orfinallyonetwo-sidedprincipleàlaSperberandWilson makeslittledifference:allofthesearrangementsstressoneandthesameideaofthe interplay between economy and informativeness, and as such a facet of rational conversationalbehaviourwidelyexploredforvarioushumanactivitiesanddecision- makinginsocialsciences.Forthisreason,Ileavesuchdebatesaside. The current project originated as a proposal to further develop my own take on semanticsandpragmaticsstartedinthefirstthreechaptersofmyDiscourse,Beliefs andIntentions().However,itverysoonbecameamorephilosophicalandoften metasemanticjourneythroughmeaninginlinguisticinteraction, touchingonsome OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,4/1/2016,SPi viii Preface questions previously left out such as the status of semantic representation vis-à-vis conceptualstructure,thephilosophyofgrammar,ortheprocessingofmeaningvis-à- vis the modularity-connectionism debate. Metasemantic inquiry also underlies the search for the proper understanding of compositionality, the object of truth- conditional analysis, metaphysics of reference, as well as, and most importantly, thescopeofsemantictheoryitself.Someofthesediscussionsgrowoutofmyearlier expositionsofthetheoryofDefaultSemantics,somedevelopideasproposedbymy colleaguesintrade,mostlyotherpost-Griceanpragmaticistsandformalsemanticists, and some are inspired by cognitive science. In short, the journey sums up to an inquiryintomeaninginlinguisticinteraction. Someofthesectionscontainfurtherdevelopmentsofideasfirstintroducedinmy recent papers. The discussion of the lexicon/grammar/pragmatics trade-offs dates backatleasttomyDefaultSemantics(Jaszczolta)andisexemplifiedintemporal referenceinmyRepresentingTime(Jaszczolta)and‘Cross-linguisticdifferences in expressing time and universal principles of utterance interpretation’ (Jaszczolt a).IowethankstoJohnBenjaminsforallowingmetousesomepassagesfrom thelatterarticle.ItisbrieflyreferredtoinChapterasapartofmyprécisofDefault Semanticsinordertoshowhowthetheoryisabletohandlethetrade-offs.Introduc- tionstoDefaultSemanticshavealsoappearedinvarioushandbooksandmanuals,for exampleinTheOxfordHandbookofLinguisticAnalysis(Jaszczolt).Thediscus- sion of the types and roles of salience in Chapter originated in my ‘Default meanings, salient meanings, and automatic processing’ (Jaszczolt ) and is now rethoughtintermsofSalience-BasedContextualism.Cancellationtestswerefirstused forsupportingtheprimary/secondarymeaningdistinctioninmy‘Cancellabilityand the primary/secondary meaning distinction’ (Jaszczolt b) but in a somewhat different way. Also in Chapter, the discussion of psychologism originated in my ‘PsychologicalexplanationsinGriceanpragmatics:Anargumentfromculturalcom- mon ground’ (Jaszczolt ) but I have now reached rather different conclusions concerning the role of psychological considerations in formal semantics, for which Ialsoemployedtheconceptofmetapsychologism.IamgratefultoDeGruyterMouton forallowingmetomakeuseofthesearticlesasaspringboardforcurrentdiscussions. Theconceptoffluidcharacterswasfirstintroducedinmy‘“Pragmaticising”Kaplan: Flexibleinferentialbasesandfluidcharacters’(Jaszczoltc)andthediscussionin Chapter takes the discussion forward from there. Next, thecase study of thefirst- person indexical in Chapter pertains to an ongoing Cambridge project funded by TheLeverhulmeTrustExpressingtheSelf:CulturalDiversityandCognitiveUniversals (GrantID/Ref:RPG--).Thechapteralsodrawsonsomeideasandexamples from my ‘First-personreference in discourse:Aims and strategies’ (Jaszczolt b) and, on more philosophical aspects, ‘Contextualism and minimalism on de se belief ascription’ (Jaszczolt c), putting them to a somewhat different use. The overall discussionalsobenefitsfromamorein-depthstudyofdifferentapproachestocontext that I conducted in ‘Context: Gricean intentions vs. two-dimensional semantics’ OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,4/1/2016,SPi Preface ix (Jaszczoltb).Pertinentsectionsinwhatfollowsofferfurtherdevelopmentsofthe ideaspresentedthereand,onsomeoccasions,achangeofdirectioninmyanalysis. I owe thanks to many people who contributed to this project in one way or another. First of all, my gratitude goes to Keith Allan and Eros Corazza for their commentsonthefirstdraft.Next,IamgratefultoJohnDaveyofOxfordUniversity Pressforhisencouragementandlong-terminterestinmyideas.Iamalsogratefulto hissuccessor,JuliaSteer,foroursuccessfulandfriendlycollaborationonbothfronts of my engagement with the Press: as the author of what follows and as managing editor of the book series Oxford Studies of Time in Language and Thought. To Caroline McLaughlin I owe thanks for careful and thoughtful copy-editing and to KimBirchallforcompilingtheindex.IwishtothankYosephMengistuforhishelp withtheAmharicdataandRodanthiChristofakiforthediscussionofJapanese.The chapteronsalientmeaningsowessomeofitsfinaltouchestothecommentsbythe participantsoftheworkshop‘Salientmeanings’whichIco-organizedwithKeithAllan for the th International Pragmatics Association Conference in Melbourne . In particular, I want to thank Keith Allan, Rachel Giora, Michael Haugh, Eleni Kapo- gianni,aswellasothercolleaguesassociatedwiththisprojectinonewayoranother: Istvan Kecskes, Alyson Pitts, and Mikhail Kissine. Concerning my argument from cancellability, I am indebted to several colleagues who commented on my earlier workonthistopicfortheirhelptopresenttheargumentinthemannerwhichisthe least prone to misinterpretation. In particular, I would like to acknowledge the feedback from Keith Allan, Alessandro Capone, Michael Haugh, Eleni Kapogianni, andAlysonPitts.IamalsoindebtedtoJayAtlasfordrawingthecontentiousissueof psychologisminpragmatictheorytomyattentionthroughhisvariouspapers.Iam alsogratefultotheparticipantsofthePragmaticsReadingGroupinCambridge(now called the Semantics, Pragmatics and Philosophy Group, or SPP) for our lively discussions of various pertinent topics. Here I wish to acknowledge the feedback from my recent and current PhD students: Minyao Huang, Chi-Hé Elder, Eleni Kapogianni, Eleni Savva, Michael Keane, Luca Sbordone, Roberto Sileo, and RodanthiChristofaki.Ialsoowethankstocolleagueswhohaveorganizedworkshops and other events that helped with the development of what follows. Here I thank Keith Allan, Marcella Bertucelli, Tadeusz Ciecierski, Istvan Kecskes, Larry Horn, Barbara Lewandowska-Tomaszczyk, Jacob Mey, Maciej Witek, Louis de Saussure, Joanna Odrowąż-Sypniewska, Zhang Shaojie, Piotr Stalmaszczyk, Richmond Thomason, again, running the risk of forgetting some friends and colleagues. Also, thankyoutotheaudiencesofmytalksandlectureseriesonDefaultSemanticsandits various applications, in Cambridge, Oxford, Antwerp, Łódź, Warsaw, Szczecin, Changchun, Beijing, Shanghai, London, Brussels, Charlotte, Ann Arbor, Geneva, Bochum, St Andrews, Newcastle, Paris, Manchester, Leeds, Edinburgh, Melbourne, Neuchâtel, Belgrade, Kirchberg am Wechsel, Göteborg, Antwerp, among others. CharlesandLidia:thankyou,asalways,formakinglifefun. Cambridge,March
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