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Marine Antioxidants Preparations, Syntheses, and Applications Thispageintentionallyleftblank Marine Antioxidants Preparations, Syntheses, and Applications Edited by Se-Kwon Kim HanyangUniversity,Ansan,SouthKorea Kyung-Hoon Shin HanyangUniversity,Ansan,SouthKorea Jayachandran Venkatesan BiomaterialsResearchLaboratory,YenepoyaResearchCentre, Yenepoya(DeemedtobeUniversity),Deralakatte,Mangalore,Karnataka,India AcademicPressisanimprintofElsevier 125LondonWall,LondonEC2Y5AS,UnitedKingdom 525BStreet,Suite1650,SanDiego,CA92101,UnitedStates 50HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA02139,UnitedStates TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB,UnitedKingdom Copyright©2023ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved. Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronicormechanical,including photocopying,recording,oranyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublisher. 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Tothefullestextentofthelaw,neitherthePublishernortheauthors,contributors,oreditors,assumeanyliabilityforany injuryand/ordamagetopersonsorpropertyasamatterofproductsliability,negligenceorotherwise,orfromanyuseor operationofanymethods,products,instructions,orideascontainedinthematerialherein. ISBN:978-0-323-95086-2 ForInformationonallAcademicPresspublications visitourwebsiteathttps://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals Publisher:NikkiP.Levy AcquisitionsEditor:SimonettaHarrison EditorialProjectManager:ClarkM.Espinosa ProductionProjectManager:OmerMukthar CoverDesigner:MarkRogers TypesetbyMPSLimited,Chennai,India Contents Listofcontributors xv 2.4.2 Antioxidantpeptidepurificationand identification 18 2.5 Antioxidantpotentialanalysisofmarine 1. Marine-derived antioxidant peptides: peptidesandproteins 19 properties and applications 1 2.5.1 DPPHradical-scavengingassay 20 2.5.2 Hydroxylradicalscavenging 20 DavidC.KempandJungYeonKwon 2.5.3 Superoxideanionradicalanalysis 20 1.1 Introduction 1 2.5.4 Linoleicacidautoxidationinhibition 1.2 Structureandantioxidantpropertiesof activity 20 marinepeptides 2 2.5.5 Troloxequivalentantioxidant 1.2.1 Primarystructureandantioxidant capacityassay 21 properties 2 2.6 Applicationsofmarineantioxidant 1.2.2 Secondarystructureandantioxidant proteinsandpeptides 21 properties 3 2.7 Conclusion 22 1.3 Applicationsofmarine-derivedantioxidant References 22 peptides 4 1.3.1 Foodapplicationsofmarine antioxidantpeptides 4 3. Implications of bioprospecting 1.3.2 Nutritional/physiologicalapplications marine diversity and sustainable ofmarineantioxidantpeptides 5 production of bioactive compounds 27 1.4 Conclusions 8 References 8 BhavikaBatra,DeekshaSharma,DebajyotiBose, VijayParthasarthyandArjunSarkar 2. Antioxidant properties of marine 3.1 Introduction 27 proteins and peptides 11 3.2 Bioprospectingmarinenaturalproducts 29 3.2.1 Roleofmarinespecies 29 PrachiVibhute,AkshayaRadhakrishnanand 3.2.2 Propertiesofbioactivecompounds 31 SivakamavalliJeyachandran 3.3 Industrialapplicationsofmarine biotechnology 32 2.1 Introduction 11 3.3.1 Antitumorcompounds 32 2.2 Sourcesofantioxidantpeptidesfrom marinelife 12 3.3.2 Antivirals 34 2.3 Mechanismofantioxidantpotentialof 3.3.3 Analgesic 34 marinepeptides 14 3.3.4 Enzymeinhibitors 34 2.3.1 TheAntioxidantactivityandpeptide 3.3.5 Nontoxicantifoulingagents 35 characteristicsrelationship 15 3.4 Innovativetechnologiesforisolating 2.4 Productionandisolationofantioxidant novelproducts 35 peptides 17 3.4.1 Metagenomicapproaches 36 2.4.1 Productionofantioxidantpeptides 3.4.2 DNA-sequencingandbioinformatic usingenzymehydrolysis 17 technologies 37 v vi Contents 3.4.3 Spectroscopictechniques: 5.6.2 Seaweedantioxidantsinthe two-dimensionalnuclearmagnetic managementofcardiovascular resonancespectroscopyandmass disease 65 spectroscopy 38 5.7 Seaweedantioxidantsinthe 3.4.4 Aquacultureandfermenter managementofarthritis 66 5.8 Nanotechnologyandmarine-derived cultivationtechniques 38 metabolitesinmitigationofoxidative 3.5 Advancesinbiotechnologyapproaches 39 stress 66 3.6 Challengesinproducingandisolating marinenaturalproducts 40 5.8.1 Drawbacksofmarinemetabolites 3.7 Futureperspective 41 inmitigatingoxidativestress(cid:1) References 42 induceddiseases 66 5.8.2 Applicationsofmarine 4. Antioxidants obtained from marine polysaccharidenanoparticlesin sources 45 circumventingoxidativestress(cid:1) induceddiseases 67 NamrataNailwal,NiravBhatia,AaliyaAli, 5.9 Futureperspectivesandchallenges 68 AlveeraAnsari,RadhikaRaheja, 5.10 Conclusion 68 AngelGodadandGauravDoshi References 69 4.1 Introduction 45 6. Supercritical extraction of marine 4.1.1 Antioxidants 45 4.2 Marineorganisms:apotentialsourceof antioxidants 73 antioxidativemolecules 46 BeatrizDı´az-Reinoso,ElenaMBalboa, 4.2.1 Algae 46 Andre´sMoureandHerminiaDomı´nguez 4.2.2 Sponges 48 4.2.3 Mussels 50 6.1 Introduction 73 4.2.4 Seacucumber 50 6.2 Majormarinecarotenoids 74 4.3 Conclusion 52 6.3 Carotenoidsasantioxidants 74 Acknowledgment 52 6.4 Supercriticalfluidextraction, ConflictofInterest 52 fundamentals,andoperationalconditions 76 Funding 52 6.4.1 Initialpretreatmentofthesolid 79 ConsentforPublication 52 6.4.2 Pressureandtemperature 80 References 52 6.4.3 Modifier 81 6.4.4 Flowrate 81 5. Antioxidant potential of bioactive 6.5 Applications 82 molecules from marine algae in 6.5.1 Sequentialvalorizationbiorefinery 83 6.6 Concludingremarks 83 chronic diseases: a critical review of References 83 antioxidants from Indian waters 57 TamilManiSubiM,NandakumarSelvasudha, 7. The role of antioxidant enzymes in AdhilAshrafandHannahR.Vasanthi diatoms and their therapeutic role 89 5.1 Introduction 57 AbhishekSaxena,JayaLakshmi, 5.2 Seaweedresourcesinternationallyand RayaBhattacharjya,PankajKumarSingh, nationally 57 BhartiMishraandArchanaTiwari 5.3 Oxidativestressanddiseasepathologies 59 5.4 Antioxidantmoleculesfrommarinealgae 60 7.1 Introduction 89 7.2 Diatomsandtheirroleintheenvironment 89 5.4.1 Polyphenolsinseaweeds 60 7.2.1 Roleofdiatomsinbiomineralization 90 5.4.2 Polysaccharidesinseaweeds 62 7.2.2 Roleofdiatomsinbiomaterial 5.4.3 Fattyacidsinseaweeds 63 5.4.4 Terpenoidsinseaweeds 63 synthesis 90 5.5 Mechanismofmitigatingoxidativestress 7.2.3 Roleofdiatomsinthedegradation byalgalantioxidantsinchronicdiseases 64 ofwaste 90 5.6 Seaweedantioxidantsformanagement 7.2.4 Roleofdiatomsinaquaculturefeed 91 ofcancer 64 7.2.5 Roleofdiatomsinbiofuelproduction 91 5.6.1 Seaweedantioxidantsinthe 7.2.6 Roleofdiatomsinproducingother managementofdiabetes 65 valuableproducts 91 Contents vii 7.3 Antioxidantsandtheirroleindiatoms 92 8.3.13 Ascorbicacid(Ascorbate) 124 7.4 Diatomantioxidativeenzymes 93 8.3.14 Scytonemin 124 7.4.1 Catalase 95 8.3.15 Mycosporine-likeaminoacids 125 7.4.2 Superoxidedismutase 95 8.3.16 Ergothioneine 125 7.4.3 Peroxidase 96 8.4 Futureperspectives 126 7.4.4 Glutathioneperoxidase 96 References 126 7.4.5 Ascorbateperoxidase 97 7.4.6 Glutathionereductase 97 9. Antioxidant activity of marine 7.5 Effectofdifferentenvironmentalstressors bacterial pigments 133 (bioticandabiotic)onenzymaticresponse 97 7.5.1 Light 97 S.Bharathi,S.GowriLakshmiand 7.5.2 Temperature 97 M.Radhakrishnan 7.5.3 Icecover 100 9.1 Introduction 133 7.5.4 Chemicalpollutants 100 9.2 Pigmentsfrommarinebacteria 133 7.5.5 Salinity 101 9.2.1 Carotenoids 134 7.5.6 Nutrientstarvation 102 9.2.2 Prodigiosin 135 7.6 Mechanismofantioxidativeenzyme 9.2.3 Melanin 135 action 102 7.7 Therapeuticpotentialandother 9.2.4 Violacein 135 applicationsofantioxidativeenzymes 103 9.2.5 Phenazinecompounds 136 7.8 Otherantioxidants(nonenzymatic) 104 9.2.6 Quinones 136 7.8.1 Exogenousnonenzymatic 9.2.7 Tambiamines 136 antioxidants 104 9.3 Applicationsofbacterialpigments 136 7.8.2 Endogenousnonenzymatic 9.3.1 Foodcolorant 136 antioxidants 105 9.3.2 Dyeingagent 136 7.9 Applicationsofdiatomantioxidants 105 9.3.3 Anticanceractivity 137 7.9.1 Roleofnonenzymaticantioxidants 106 9.3.4 Antimicrobialactivity 137 7.9.2 Roleofenzymaticantioxidants 107 9.3.5 Antioxidantactivity 137 7.10 Futureprospects 107 9.4 Conclusion 138 7.11 Conclusion 109 Acknowledgment 138 Acknowledgment 109 Conflictofinterest 138 References 109 References 138 Furtherreading 118 10. Marine antioxidants from 8. Antioxidants from marine microalgae 141 cyanobacteria 119 FatemehKhavari,FatemeAsadi,FatemehNouri, A.A.MohamedHathaandN.S.Sumayya MohammadTaheri,FatemeMohammadi, MojdehMohammadi,ParisaHabibiand 8.1 Introduction 119 BabakAsghari 8.2 Naturalproductionofantioxidantsin cyanobacteria 120 10.1 Introduction 141 8.3 Antioxidantmoleculesincyanobacteria 120 10.2 Reactiveoxygenspeciesandoxidative 8.3.1 Chlorophyll 120 stress 141 8.3.2 Carotenoids 121 10.3 Reactiveoxygenspeciesand antioxidants 142 8.3.3 Zeaxanthin 121 10.4 Applicationofmicroalgae 8.3.4 Astaxanthin 122 antioxidantsincosmetics 143 8.3.5 Myxolglycosides 122 10.5 Applicationofmicroalgae 8.3.6 Phenoliccompounds 122 antioxidantsinhumanhealth 144 8.3.7 Glutathione 122 10.6 Factorsinfluencetheantioxidant 8.3.8 Phycobiliproteins 122 propertiesofalgae 144 8.3.9 Phycocyanin 123 10.6.1 Metalsandacidicsituations 144 8.3.10 Phycoerythrin 123 10.6.2 Metalentryintothecell 145 8.3.11 Flavonoids 123 10.6.3 Acidicconditionsandmetal 8.3.12 Tocopherols 124 stress 148 viii Contents 10.6.4 Fattyacidcontent 148 12.3.2 Chloroplast 188 10.6.5 Pigmentscontent 149 12.3.3 Peroxisomes 189 10.6.6 Polysaccharidecontent 149 12.3.4 Apoplast 189 10.6.7 Proteincontent 150 12.3.5 Plasmamembranes 189 10.6.8 Highsolarirradiance 150 12.4 Scavengingofreactiveoxygenspecies 10.6.9 NutrientstarvationI 152 inthehalophytes 189 10.6.10 NutrientstarvationII 152 12.4.1 Scavengingofreactiveoxygen 10.6.11 Carotenoidcontent 153 speciesfromenzymaticactivity 10.6.12 Totalphenoliccontent 154 inhalophytes 189 10.6.13 Influenceofillumination 12.4.2 Nonenzymaticcontrolofreactive intensity 155 oxygenspeciesactivityin 10.6.14 Effectofextractionmethods halophytes 191 12.5 Applicationandroleofantioxidantsin andsolventsontheantioxidant foodandnutrition 192 potentialofmicroalgaebiomass 156 12.6 Roleofantioxidantsindiseasecontrol 193 References 156 12.7 Conclusionandfutureprospectus 193 Acknowledgments 193 11. Algal cell factories as a source of References 193 marine antioxidants 161 13. In silico discovery of antioxidant RabinderSingh,MohammedRehmanji, peptides from the sea grass AshaA.NesammaandPannagaP.Jutur Posidonia australis 197 11.1 Introduction 161 11.2 Marineantioxidantsfromdifferent Tsun-ThaiChai,ClaraChia-CiWong, algalsources 162 Jiun-AnKoh,JillianLean-SimOoiand 11.2.1 Cyanobacteria 162 Fai-ChuWong 11.2.2 Microalgae 163 13.1 Introduction 197 11.2.3 Macroalgae 167 13.2 Materialsandmethods 198 11.3 Environmentaltriggersstressors 13.2.1 ProteinsequencesofPosidonia associatedwithantioxidantproduction australisproteins 198 inmicroalgae 167 13.2.2 Insilicogastrointestinal 11.3.1 Nutrients 168 digestion 198 11.3.2 Light 168 13.2.3 Screeningofgastrointestinal 11.3.3 Salinity 169 absorption,toxicity,allergenicity, 11.4 Extractionofalgalantioxidantsand andfreeradical-scavenging theirdetectionassays 169 properties 198 11.4.1 Conventionalmethods 169 13.2.4 Preparationofligandand 11.4.2 Nonconventionalmethods 170 macromoleculestructures 199 11.4.3 Antioxidantdetectionassays 173 11.5 Potentialapplicationsofmarine 13.2.5 Moleculardockingwith antioxidants 175 Webina1.0.3 201 11.6 Conclusions 176 13.2.6 Pharmacokineticproperties Acknowledgments 176 prediction 201 Conflictofinterest 176 13.3 Resultsanddiscussion 201 References 176 13.4 Conclusions 211 References 211 12. Halophytes: a potential source of antioxidants 185 14. Antioxidant properties from novel marine actinobacteria 215 ShrikantD.Khandare,AjeetSinghand DoongarR.Chaudhary KannanKamala,PitchiahSivaperumal, G.J.JeevanKumarandDhanrajM.Ganapathy 12.1 Introduction 185 12.2 Antioxidants 187 14.1 Introduction 215 12.3 Reactiveoxygenspeciesproduction 14.2 Overviewofantioxidantpotential sitesinhalophytes 188 fromactinobacteria 216 12.3.1 Mitochondria 188 14.3 Typesandclassificationofantioxidant 216 Contents ix 14.3.1 Roleofantioxidant 216 16.3 Antioxidantpotentialfromtrue 14.3.2 Freeradicals 216 mangrovesofRhizophoraspecies 235 14.3.3 Totalantioxidantactivity 217 16.3.1 Rhizophoramucronata 235 14.3.4 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl 16.3.2 Rhizophorastylosa 236 assay 217 16.3.3 Rhizophoraapiculata 236 14.3.5 Totalreducingpower 217 16.4 Antioxidantpropertiesfromother 14.3.6 Hydrogenperoxide(cid:1)scavenging truemangrovespecies 236 assay 217 16.4.1 Excoecariaagallocha 236 14.3.7 Nitricoxideradical(cid:1)scavenging 16.4.2 Lumnitzeraracemose 236 assay 217 16.4.3 Acanthusilicifolius 237 14.3.8 Lipidperoxidationassay 218 16.4.4 Bruguieragymnorrhiza 237 14.4 Impactonhumanhealth 218 16.5 Mangrove-associatedmicrobesand 14.5 Antioxidantpotentialfrommarine theirpotentialantioxidantproperties 237 actinobacteria 218 16.6 Conclusion 238 14.6 Conclusion 219 Acknowledgments 238 Acknowledgments 219 References 238 References 219 17. Bioactive peptides as a potential 15. Marine fish-derived proteins and antioxidants from marine peptides as potential antioxidants 221 byproducts 241 KirtiandSamantaS.Khora PavaniSanapalaandSudhakarPola 15.1 Introduction 221 17.1 Introduction 241 15.2 Marinefishassourcesofproteins 17.2 Antioxidantpeptides 241 andpeptides 222 17.3 Preparationandpurificationof 15.3 Compositionofmarinefishproteins 222 marinebioactivepeptides 243 15.4 Isolationandpurificationof 17.4 Conclusion 245 antioxidantproteinsandpeptides 223 References 245 15.4.1 Acid-alkalinehydrolysis 223 15.4.2 Extractionofcollagenprotein 224 18. Mangrove species as a potential 15.4.3 Enzymatichydrolysis 224 source of bioactive compounds for 15.4.4 Fermentationmethod 224 diverse therapeutic applications 249 15.5 Purificationofisolatedmarinefish proteinsandpeptides 224 M.KiranKumarandSudhakarPola 15.6 Assessmentofantioxidantactivityof 18.1 Introduction 249 marinefishproteinsandpeptides 225 18.2 Mangroveecosystem 249 15.7 Antioxidantactivitiesofproteinsand 18.3 Mangrovesintraditionalmedicine 250 peptidesobtainedfrommarinefish 226 18.4 Bioactivecompoundsfrommangroves 252 15.8 Applicationsofantioxidantproteinsand 18.5 Therapeuticapplicationsofmangroves 253 peptidesobtainedfrommarinefish 227 18.5.1 Antioxidantactivities 253 15.9 Futureprospects 229 15.10 Conclusion 229 18.5.2 Antimicrobialactivities 254 References 229 18.5.3 Anti-inflammatoryactivities 255 18.5.4 Anticanceractivities 255 18.5.5 Antidiabeticactivities 257 16. Antioxidant potential from true 18.6 Conclusion 259 mangroves and their associated References 259 marine organisms 233 19. Synthesis of metal and metal oxide PitchiahSivaperumal,KannanKamala, V.L.Sangeetha,DhanrajM.Ganapathyand nanoparticles based on marine G.J.JeevanKumar antioxidants from seaweeds: An insight 265 16.1 Introduction 233 16.2 Antioxidantactivityfromtrue AkshitaGupta,MokshTandon, mangrovesofAvicenniaspecies 233 ShailendraKumarAryaandAnupreetKaur 16.2.1 Avicenniamarina 233 16.2.2 Avicenniaofficinalis 234 19.1 Introduction 265