Marine Analytical Chemistry PDF
Preview Marine Analytical Chemistry
Julián Blasco Antonio Tovar-Sánchez Editors Marine Analytical Chemistry Marine Analytical Chemistry Julián Blasco (cid:129) Antonio Tovar-Sánchez Editors Marine Analytical Chemistry Editors JuliánBlasco AntonioTovar-Sánchez DepartmentofEcologyandCoastal DepartmentofEcologyandCoastal Management Management InstitutodeCienciasMarinasdeAndalucía InstitutodeCienciasMarinasdeAndalucía (CSIC) (CSIC) PuertoReal,Spain PuertoReal,Spain ISBN978-3-031-14485-1 ISBN978-3-031-14486-8 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-14486-8 #TheEditor(s)(ifapplicable)andTheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicensetoSpringerNatureSwitzerland AG2023 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsaresolelyandexclusivelylicensedbythePublisher,whether thewholeorpartofthematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseof illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similarordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublication doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. The publisher, the authors, and the editorsare safeto assume that the adviceand informationin this bookarebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsor theeditorsgiveawarranty,expressedorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforany errorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregardtojurisdictional claimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland Preface Understanding the ocean functioning, chemical composition, biogeochemical pro- cesses, and dynamics, from coast to open ocean and from surface to depth, is a challengeforthemarinecommunity.Thestudyofthephysicalandbiogeochemical properties oftheoceans requiresthesampling ofthe water column andanalysisof chemicals across the different oceanographic basins. Observation and sampling of the oceans involve the use of multiple and diverse platforms (e.g., oceanographic ship,satellite,RPAs,andoceangliders)andequipment(e.g.,samplingsystemsand analytical instruments) that are conditioned by the depth (from the sea surface microlayertothedeepocean),thetypeofsamples(e.g.,water,suspendedparticles, biota, and sediments), and/or the parameters to be collected and/or analyzed (e.g., tracemetals,radionuclides,organicpollutants,andemergingcontaminants). Thisbookcompilesinformationaboutthesampling,fate,behavior,andanalytical methods and techniques currently used by the scientist community to study some chemicalslinkedtothefunctioningandpollutionofouroceans.Chapter1“Carbon- ate system species and pH” and Chap. 2 “Dissolved organic matter” describe the methodology for the analysis, at marine environmental levels, of carbon, total alkalinityandpH,anddissolvedorganicmatter,carbon,phosphorous,andnitrogen, respectively. Chapter 3 “Trace metals” describes the ultraclean techniques and procedures for collection of seawater and analysis of trace metals in the water column in order to produce reliable, accurate, and reproducible environmental tracemetaldata.Chapter4“Radionuclidesasoceantracers”describesthemethods andtechniquesusedtomeasureradionuclidesandprovidesanoverviewoftheuseof radionuclides as tracers of processes occurring in the marine environment, such as biologicalpump(234Th,238U),submarinegroundwaterdischarge(226Ra,228Ra, 223Ra,224Ra,and222Rn),oroceancirculation(129I). However, the ocean is the main sink of many chemical substances, and the introductionofthesecanposeadangertoaquaticlifeandhumanbeings.Toknow the fate, behavior, and effect of pollutants released to the marine environment is a challenge, which depends on physicochemical and biological variables. Some of these pollutants are well known, but others are emerging pollutants of recent concern. Chapter 5 “Persistent organic contaminants” shows the occurrence of many of these pollutants in environmental compartments - although many of them have been forbidden - and how they are distributed, transported, and biomagnified v vi Preface acrossthetrophicchain.Chapter6,“Emergentorganiccontaminants,”pointsoutthe growingproblemoftheoccurrenceofthesepollutants(e.g.,pesticides,personalcare products,flameretardants,plasticizers,andhormones)andhowtheycanaffectthe floraandfauna.Thedrawbacksoftraditionalmethodsfortheanalysisareindicated and the use of promising techniques such as biosensors is mentioned. Chapter 7, “Nanoparticlesinthemarineenvironment,”outlinesprocessesthatregulatethefate ofnanoparticlesinthemarineenvironmentandhighlightsthemainparameterstobe considered for sampling strategy. The advantages and disadvantages for nanoparticles analysis and the more promising methodologies are presented. Chapter 8, “Microplastics and nanoplastics,” provides tools to approach the issue ofmicroplasticsincluding microfibersasa category.The chapterisfocused onthe samplingstrategiesandanalyticalapproachesandstandardrequirementsforreliable assessmentofmicroplasticsinmarinematrices. Nowadays,oneofthepromisingapproachestounderstandtheoceanfunctioning istheuseofmethodologiesthatallowustogetaglobalviewoftheoceanandcoastal areas or to use system to monitor in a continuous way or in remote areas; thus, Chap. 9 “Satellite and RPAS (remotely piloted aircraft system)” and Chap. 10 “In situsensing:Oceanglider”presentremote(satelliteandRPAs)andinsitu(gliders) platformstoexploretheoceanathighspatialandtemporalresolutions. Finally, Chap. 11 “Marine chemical (meta-)data management” provides best practices in preparing the generated chemical data from environmental studies to facilitatetheirdisseminationandguaranteethereusabilityandlong-lastingavailabil- ityforthescientificcommunity. The chapters of this book include real examples derived from the experience acquired by their authors in their field of expertise, making this book especially usefulforgraduate/advancedgraduatedstudents.Inaddition,thisbookshouldbeof interesttoscientistsfrommanydisciplinessuchasoceanography,biology,chemis- try, ecology, biogeochemistry, geosciences, fisheries, and climate change, among others. PuertoReal,Spain JuliánBlasco AntonioTovar-Sánchez Contents 1 CarbonateSystemSpeciesandpH. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 M.Fontela,A.Velo,P.J.Brown,andF.F.Pérez 2 DissolvedOrganicMatter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 XoséAntónÁlvarez-Salgado,MarNieto-Cid,andPamelaE.Rossel 3 TraceMetals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 RobMiddag,RebeccaZitoun,andTimConway 4 RadionuclidesasOceanTracers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 ValentíRodellas,MontserratRoca-Martí,VienaPuigcorbé, MaxiCastrillejo,andNúriaCasacuberta 5 PersistentOrganicContaminants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 KarinaS.B.Miglioranza,PaolaM.Ondarza,SebastiánI.Grondona, andLorenaB.Scenna 6 EmergentOrganicContaminants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307 JesúsAlfredoRodríguez-Hernández, SaúlAntonioHernández-Martínez,RafaelG.Araújo,DamiàBarceló, HafizM.N.Iqbal,andRobertoParra-Saldívar 7 NanoparticlesintheMarineEnvironment. .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. 323 AndreasGondikas,JulianAlbertoGallego-Urrea,andKarinMattsson 8 MicroplasticsandNanoplastics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349 LuciaPittura,StefaniaGorbi,CarolaMazzoli,AlessandroNardi, MauraBenedetti,andFrancescoRegoli 9 RemoteSensing:SatelliteandRPAS(RemotelyPilotedAircraft System). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389 MarthaBonnetDunbar,IsabelCaballero,AlejandroRomán, andGabrielNavarro vviiii viii Contents 10 InSituSensing:OceanGliders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419 NikolaosD.Zarokanellos,MiguelCharcos,AlbertMiralles, MatteoMarasco,MélanieJuza,BenjaminCasas, JuanGabrielFernández,ManuelRubio,andJoaquinTintoré 11 MarineChemicalMetadataandDataManagement. . . . . . . . . . . . 445 MohamedAdjouandGwenaëlleMoncoiffé 1 Carbonate System Species and pH M. Fontela, A. Velo, P. J. Brown, and F. F. Pérez Contents 1.1 Introduction................................................................................. 2 1.2 SamplingProcedure:CommonalitiesforMarineCarbonSystemParameters............ 8 1.3 ConsistencyandAccuracyofAnalyticalTechniques:TheImportanceofCertified ReferenceMaterials......................................................................... 9 1.4 MethodologiesfortheAnalyticalDeterminationofKeyMarineCarbonSystem Variables.................................................................................... 10 1.5 Conclusions,Summary,andFutureInsights............................................... 33 References......................................................................................... 34 Abstract Accurate knowledge of the state of the marine carbon system is essential to constrain global carbon budgets. While analytical techniques for characterizing oceanic carbon chemistry are well established and diverse in approach, global monitoringstillsuffersfromalackofmeasurementsbeingmadebothtemporally andspatially.Here,wesummarizethestateoftheartfortheanalysisofsomeof the main carbon parameters: total dissolved inorganic carbon, (C or DIC), pH, T and totalalkalinity (A ). For each, a brief theoreticalapproach is followed by a T descriptionoftechnicalmethodology.Alltheselectedtechniquesaredetailedand M.Fontela(*) CentreofMarineSciences(CCMAR),Faro,Portugal CentrodeInvestigaciónMariña,UniversidadedeVigo,Vigo,Spain e-mail:[email protected] A.Velo·F.F.Pérez InstitutoInvestigacionesMarinas(IIM-CSIC),Vigo,Spain P.J.Brown NationalOceanographyCentre(NOC),Southampton,UK #TheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicensetoSpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2023 1 J.Blasco,A.Tovar-Sánchez(eds.),MarineAnalyticalChemistry, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-14486-8_1 2 M.Fontelaetal. explained such that they can be used as standard methods aboard an oceano- graphic vessel. It is expected that by following the methods described in this chapter, independent researchers should be able to make comparable measurementsofcarbonatesystemspeciesandpH. 1.1 Introduction 1.1.1 Global Carbon Cycle Ocean circulation and marine biogeochemical processes drive and exchange large amountsofcarbon,inwhatiscalledthemarinecarboncycle.Forbillionsofyears, theoceanhasincorporatedlargeamountsofalkalinityfromthecontinents,mostlyin theformofbicarbonates,whilecontinuouslyexchangingcarbondioxide(CO )with 2 theatmospheretoreachaglobaldynamicequilibrium.Biologicalorganisms inthe ocean contribute to this by capturing CO during primary production in the 2 illuminated part of the ocean, before releasing it again during their decay as they sink into the deep ocean. Together these processes make the ocean a principal component of the global carbon cycle because of its capacity to accumulate carbon—while the atmosphere holds ~800 Gt C (gigatonnes of carbon) and the landbiosphere~2300GtC,theoceancarbonreservoirholdsahuge38,000GtC.In thepresentAnthropoceneera,theoceanhasabsorbedaround30%ofhuman-derived CO emissions,whichrepresentsonly0.4%ofthetotalcarbonstoredbytheoceans. 2 Therefore,accuratemeasurementsofseawatercarbonvariablesarecrucialinorder to be able to detect these small anthropogenic chemical changes caused by CO 2 increases in the ocean. The continued absorption of CO causes a continuous 2 decrease in pH and carbonate ion concentrations, a process known as Ocean Acidification (OA). OA has a wide range of ecological consequences, including impacts on calcareous organisms, changes in the speed of sound, effects on the speciation of trace elements, and changes in organoleptic properties of seawater. Furthermore,theevolutionofoceanbiogeochemicalcyclesarelikelytobeaddition- ally modified by changes in OA rates. Understanding and modelling oceanic CO 2 uptakeisthusessentialtounderstandandpredicthowthecarboncyclewillevolve andhowtheclimate system willrespondtotheimpact ofhumanactivities. Thisis possible by using observations to fully characterize the marine carbonate system (MCS), achieved through the determination of at least two of the four measurable variablesofthissystem—dissolvedinorganiccarbon(C orDIC),pH,totalalkalin- T ity (A or TA), partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO )—as well as associated T 2 physical parameters (pressure, P, temperature, T, and salinity, S) and ancillary variables(nutrients).
The list of books you might like
