Marine Algal Bloom: Characteristics, Causes and Climate Change Impacts PDF
Preview Marine Algal Bloom: Characteristics, Causes and Climate Change Impacts
Santosh Kumar Sarkar Marine Algal Bloom: Characteristics, Causes and Climate Change Impacts Marine Algal Bloom: Characteristics, Causes and Climate Change Impacts Santosh Kumar Sarkar Marine Algal Bloom: Characteristics, Causes and Climate Change Impacts Santosh Kumar Sarkar Department of Marine Science University of Calcutta Calcutta, India ISBN 978-981-10-8260-3 ISBN 978-981-10-8261-0 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8261-0 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018939150 © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2018 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore Dedicated to my parents Preface Algal blooms, a recurrent phenomenon in freshwater and marine environment, have been of major global interest as this biological nuisance brings a tremendous nega- tive impact on the primary productivity and sustenance of other pelagic organisms. The occurrence of bloom is triggered by eutrophication, i.e., enrichment with chem- ical nutrients, typically total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorous (TP). There is utmost need for better understanding of the effects of algal blooms on seafood qual- ity, the complex physicochemical and biological interactions and subsequent tro- phodynamics in order to develop the strategy for effective coastal zone management. The book will provide a wealth of exhaustive information encompassing wide spec- trum of important and upgraded topics relevant to algal blooms in regional and global scale. The book endeavors to exemplify the characteristics and causes of algal blooms, presenting very basic concepts of this phenomenon (such as Redfield ratio, eutrophication, hypoxia, upwelling, and downwelling) as well as illustrative and advanced account of harmful algal blooms (HABs) followed by the regional case studies from vulnerable coastal as well as mangrove regions showing the nega- tive impact on plankton community structure and finally impact of climate change on the occurrence of algal bloom. Each chapter has its own identity, relevance, and importance and is beneficial for wide audience to get access to advanced knowledge of algal blooms in marine environments as a whole. An exclusive chapter on “Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs)” (commonly known as “red tides”) has been devoted which is an emerging and potential natural ecological and economic disasters, posing serious risks to human health, environmental sus- tainability, and aquatic life (including endangered marine mammals). HABs refer to a rapid proliferation of phytoplankton species such as dinoflagellates, diatoms, and cyanobacteria in aquatic ecosystems. Nowadays, there are about 90 marine plank- tonic microalgae capable of producing toxins and most of them are dinoflagellates, followed by diatoms. Considering its sheer negative impact of HABs in a regional and global scale, I have given illustrative account of the following important topics: dinoflagellates – an ideal potential agent for HAB; red tide and HABs; and five diverse categories, such as paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP), neurotoxic shellfish poisoning (NSP), vii viii Preface amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP), diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP), and cigua- tera fish poisoning (CFP) (seafood poisoning). HABs are seriously harmful because of the vast array of biotoxins or “environmental chemicals” that they can produce which can poison humans, land and aquatic mammals, fish, shellfish, and other aquatic species. Most significantly, these toxins interfere with human and animal metabolism, nerve conduction, and central nervous system processing of informa- tion, as illustrated in subsequent chapters. The information would certainly add value for better understanding of the occurrence and impact of HABs, which seem to be very complex and of global interest. The unique coupling of the three elements, eutrophication–HABs– biodiversity, is challenging paradigms in a world of complex nutrient change. The global HAB problem is on a trajectory for more blooms, more toxins and more frequent in more coastal regions. In general, climate change is expected to result by the key environ- mental factors such as higher sea water temperatures, light availability, nutrients, more stratification, and hence more potentially harmful dinoflagellates and cyano- bacteria. Other climate change effects such as wind and precipitation patterns, altered oceanic circulation patterns and carbon dioxide concentrations further com- plicate regional effects of climate change. The book is intended to serve as a useful, reliable, and upgraded reference source for a large section of people, such as coastal managers, students and researchers, policymakers, and environmentalists, involving in coastal research and manage- ment at regional and global scale. I trust that the book would provide better under- standing and stimulate greater interest in the topic metal pollution and educated public would come forward in taking dynamic role to reduce pollution as a whole. Constructive comments and suggestions for improvement of the text are gratefully appreciated. Keywords Harmful algal blooms · HABs · Red tide · Management · Control · Monitoring Calcutta, India Santosh Kumar Sarkar Acknowledgments I acknowledge the generous support from the following academicians and research- ers who have shared their expertise and provided me with their constructive sugges- tions and valuable comments: Drs. Jiang-Shiou Hwang, National Taiwan Ocean University; Simonetta Corsolini, University of Siena, Italy; Krishna Das, University of Liege, Belgium; Karla Pozo, Masaryk University, Czech Republic; Emmanoel V. Silva-Filho, Fluminense Federal University, Brazil; Jason Kirby, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), Australia; M.P. Jonathan, (CIIEMAD) (IPN), Mexico; M.N.V. Prasad, University of Hyderabad, India; Rahul Kundu, Saurashtra University, India; Jayant Kumar Mishra, Pondicherry University, India; Dr. Mathammal Sudarshan, Inter-University Consortium for DAE Facilities, Calcutta Centre, India; and K.K. Satpathy, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, (IGCAR), India. The incredible support and technical assistance rendered by my research students, Bhaskar Deb Choudhury, Ranju Choudhury, Dibyendu Rakshit, Soumita Mitra, and Priyanka Mondal, as well as my daughter, Prathama Sarkar, for preparing the manuscript are greatly appreciated. For contribution of photography, I am greatly indebted to the following scientists: 1. Dr. Mindy L. Richlen, National Office for Harmful Algal Blooms at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, USA 2. Dr. Rut Akselman, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo Pesquero, Argentina 3. Dr. Christopher J. Gobler, School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, New York 4. Dr. Kathryn Taffs, Southern Cross University, School of Environment, Science and Engineering, Australia I sincerely acknowledge the permission extended by the Editor, Indian Journal of Geo-Marine Science, CSIR, New Delhi, India, for partly reproducing the follow- ing research papers used in the book: Vol. 32(2), June 2003, pp. 165–167; Vol. 34(2), June 2005, pp. 163–173; Vol. 38(1), March 2009, pp. 77–88; Vol. 39(3), ix x Acknowledgments September 2010, pp. 323–333; Vol. 41(4), August 2012, pp. 304–313; Vol. 43(2), February 2014, pp. 258–262; Vol. 44(9), September 2015, pp. 1282–1293. Some relevant information was also taken from the following web links: http://www.ut.ee/_olli/eutr/ https://phys.org/news/2013-07-china-largest-ever-algae-bloom.html http://www.ibtimes.co.uk https://products.coastalscience.noaa.gov/pmn/_docs/Factsheets/Factsheet_ Azadinium.pdf http://www.emedicine.com/EMERG/topic528.htm http://www.algaebase.org http://www.epd.gov Finally, I express my sincere gratitude to Dr. Mamta Kapila, Springer (India) Pvt. Ltd., Life Science and Biomedicine, Senior Editor; Dr. Judith Terpos, Senior Editorial Assistant, Environmental Science; Ms. Raman, Daniel Ignatius Jagadisan, Springer Nature, SPi Global, Project Coordinator; Ashok Kumar, Senior Executive and Project Coordinator, Springer Nature, for their keen interest, full support, and constant encouragement in the publication of the book. Last but not the least, I thank my wife, Manjushree Sarkar, who tolerated my incessant work and extended her full support and cooperation in completing the work. I sincerely hope this would provide greater understanding and stimulates greater interest in the topic metal speciation. Constructive suggestions for improvement of the text are gratefully appreciated and should be addressed to the Springer. Contents 1 Algal Blooms: Basic Concepts ................................................................. 1 1.1 Introduction ........................................................................................ 1 1.2 Redfield Ratio or Redfield Stoichiometry .......................................... 2 1.3 Eutrophication .................................................................................... 4 1.3.1 Dinoflagellate Cyst as Biosignal for Eutrophication: A Case Study ....................................................................... 8 1.4 Hypoxic Condition ............................................................................. 18 1.4.1 Hypoxia and Climate Change .............................................. 21 1.5 Principal Groups of Algal Bloom Causative Organisms ................... 22 1.5.1 Diatoms (Phylum, Chrysophyta; Class, Bacillariophyceae) ............................................................... 22 1.5.2 Dinoflagellates (Phylum, Pyrrophyta; Class, Dinophyceae) ....................................................................... 22 1.5.3 Blue-Green Cyanobacteria (CB) (Members of the Group Cyanophyceae) ............................................... 23 1.6 Remote Sensors in Algal Bloom Monitoring .................................... 28 1.6.1 Specifications of Some Remote Sensors .............................. 31 1.7 Synoptic Account of Instruments Related to Algal Bloom Investigation ........................................................................... 36 1.7.1 Liquid Chromatography Hyphenated with Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) ........................................ 36 1.7.2 Optical Microscopy ............................................................. 39 1.7.3 Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) ................................ 40 1.7.4 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) ................................. 41 1.8 Methodology Used for Studying Algal Bloom .................................. 43 1.8.1 Mouse Bioassay ................................................................... 43 1.8.2 ELISA Test for PSP Toxin ................................................... 44 1.9 Conclusion ......................................................................................... 45 References .................................................................................................. 46 xi
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