Marine algae : biodiversity, taxonomy, environmental assessment, and biotechnology PDF
Preview Marine algae : biodiversity, taxonomy, environmental assessment, and biotechnology
Marine Algae Biodiversity, Taxonomy, Environmental Assessment, and Biotechnology TThhiiss ppaaggee iinntteennttiioonnaallllyy lleefftt bbllaannkk Marine Algae Biodiversity, Taxonomy, Environmental Assessment, and Biotechnology Editors Leonel Pereira and João M. Neto Department of Life Sciences IMAR-CMA and MARE (Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre) University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal p, A SCIENCE PUBLISHERS BOOK GL--Prelims with new title page.indd ii 4/25/2012 9:52:40 AM CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2015 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Version Date: 20140923 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4665-8181-4 (eBook - PDF) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmit- ted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright. com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com Preface This is a book consisting of 11 chapters covering three thematic areas of great impact in modern societies. Based on the main web site of algae (www.algaebase.org), developed in Chapter 11, it includes a revision of the taxonomy used on algae studies, as well as general aspects of biology and the methodologies used in this sector of marine biology (Chapter 1). The second thematic area comprises fi ve chapters (Chapter 2 to Chapter 5) focused on the use of algae as potential environmental sentinels; the threats that algae may represent when dispersed around the world due to the uncontrolled commercial trades’ activity; and their use for a sustainable modern world. Following the conservational concerns presently implemented in most Western economies and some emerging countries, this information is of vital importance for a proper management of aquatic environments, and the sustainable management of their natural resources. The third area is centered on the use of different strands of algae and its potential use in the industrial sector: food (human and animal feed), pharmaceutical, cosmetics, and agricultural fertilizers (Chapter 6 to Chapter 10). This book is intended to fi nd a wide market of potential users, from the academic fi eld, research institutions and industry, to government agencies responsible for the implementation of integrated management of natural resources and environmental quality assessment of aquatic systems. Two added values of the book are: i) the wide experience the authors of different chapters possess in different marine biology research areas; and ii) the combination of the potential uses of algae in modern society (industry) with a sustainable use of natural resources of aquatic ecosystems. A special acknowledgement is addressed to our colleague Dr. Joana Patrício by her great contribution and productive discussions had initially to structure and select the contents of the book. Leonel Pereira João M. Neto TThhiiss ppaaggee iinntteennttiioonnaallllyy lleefftt bbllaannkk Contents Preface v 1. Marine Algae: General Aspects (Biology, Systematics, 1 Field and Laboratory Techniques) Tomás Gallardo 2. Searching for Ecological Reference Conditions of Marine 68 Macroalgae Rui Gaspar, João M. Neto and Leonel Pereira 3. Marine Macroalgae and the Assessment of Ecological 97 Conditions João M. Neto, José A. Juanes, Are Pedersen and Clare Scanlan 4. Understanding Biological Invasions by Seaweeds 140 Fátima Vaz-Pinto, Ivan F. Rodil, Frédéric Mineur, Celia Olabarria and Francisco Arenas 5. Marine Algae as Carbon Sinks and Allies to Combat 178 Global Warming Francisco Arenas and Fátima Vaz-Pinto 6. Review of Marine Algae as Source of Bioactive Metabolites: 195 a Marine Biotechnology Approach Loïc G. Carvalho and Leonel Pereira 7. Analysis by Vibrational Spectroscopy of Seaweed with 228 Potential Use in Food, Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic Industries Leonel Pereira and Paulo J.A. Ribeiro-Claro 8. Kappaphycus (Rhodophyta) Cultivation: Problems and the 251 Impacts of Acadian Marine Plant Extract Powder Anicia Q. Hurtado, Renata Perpetuo Reis, Rafael R. Loureiro and Alan T. Critchley viii Marine Algae 9. Marine Algae and the Global Food Industry 300 Maria Helena Abreu, Rui Pereira and Jean-François Sassi 10. Marine Macroalgae and Human Health 320 Sarah Hotchkiss and Catherine Murphy 11. Internet Information Resources for Marine Algae 357 Michael D. Guiry and Liam Morrison Index 377 Color Plate Section 381 CCHHAAPPTTEERR 11 Marine Algae: General Aspects (Biology, Systematics, Field and Laboratory Techniques) Tomás Gallardo 1 Introduction Today, algae are not a taxonomic category. However, the term is very useful for grouping both prokaryotic organisms, in which cell organelles are not delimited by membranes, and eukaryotic organisms, in which they are. Considering biochemical criteria, their ecological affi nities and common photosynthesis with oxygen production, in this chapter we will focus on both photosynthetic bacteria with chlorophyll a, division Cyanophyta, and the different divisions of eukaryotic algae. Algae are simple organisms. Many are unicellular, while others are multicellular and more complex, but they all have rudimentary conducting tissues. They also exhibit a wide range of variation from a morphological and reproductive point of view. Algae are biochemically and physiologically very similar to the rest of plants: they essentially have the same metabolic pathways, possess chlorophyll, and produce similar proteins and carbohydrates. Some algae, such as euglenophytes, dinophytes and ochrophytes, have lost their photosynthetic capacity and live as saprophytes or parasites. However, there are also representatives of other groups, such as green algae, in which more than a hundred heterotrophic species have been described. An essential characteristic which distinguishes algae from other photosynthetic plants is their lack of an embryo and multicellular Dep. Biología Vegetal, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain. Email: [email protected]
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