Marijuana and health hazards: methodological issues in current research

189 Pages·1975·3.694 MB·English

by  Jared R Tinklenberg, Drug Abuse Council (Washington, D.C.)

MARIJUANA AND HEALTH HAZARDS
METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES IN CURRENT RESEARCH
Academic Press Rapid Manuscript Reproduction
MARIJUANA AND HEALTH HAZARDS
METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES IN CURRENT RESEARCH
Edited by
Jared R. Tinklenberg
Drug Abuse Council
Washington, D. C
Academic Press, Inc. New York San Francisco London 1975
A Subsidiary of Hare our t Brace Jovanovich, Publishers
COPYRIGHT © 1975, BY ACADEMIC PRESS, INC.
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
NO PART OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE REPRODUCED OR
TRANSMITTED IN ANY FORM OR BY ANY MEANS. ELECTRONIC
OR MECHANICAL, INCLUDING PHOTOCOPY, RECORDING, OR ANY
INFORMATION STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL SYSTEM, WITHOUT
PERMISSION IN WRITING FROM THE PUBLISHER.
ACADEMIC PRESS, INC.
Ill Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10003
United Kingdom Edition published by
ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. (LONDON) LTD.
24/28 Oval Road, London NW1
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOG CARD NUMBER: 75-13085
ISBN 0-12-691350-1
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
CONTENTS
List of Contributors vn
Preface ix
GENETICS
Chapter 1 Genetic Studies of Marijuana: Current Findings and
New Directions
Arthur Falek
Chapter 2 Cytogenetic Studies of Marijuana 17
Steven S. Matsuyama
Chapter 3 Observations on the Cytogenetic Effects of Marijuana 25
Morton A. Stenchever
Chapter 4 Marijuana and Genetics: A Discussion 31
IMMUNITY
Chapter 5 Marijuana and immunity 39
Albert E. Munsen
Chapter 6 Effects of Marijuana Smoking and Natural
Cannabinoids on the Replication of Human
Lymphocytes and the Formation of Hypodiploid Cells 47
Gabriel G. Nahas
Chapter 7 Marijuana and Immunity; A Discussion 55
TESTOSTERONE
Chapter 8 Background Paper on Testosterone and Marijuana 63
Robert M. Rose
Chapter 9 Research Issues in the Study of Marijuana and Male
Reproductive Physiology in Humans 71
Robert C. Kolodny
Chapter 10 Effects of Marijuana on Plasma Testosterone 83
Jack H. Mendelson, John Kuehnle, James
Ellingboe, and Thomas F. Babor
Chapter 11 Marijuana and Testosterone: A Discussion 95
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
Chapter 12 Marijuana and the Central Nervous System 103
Rhea L. Dornbush
Chapter 13 Effects of Marijuana on the Mind 115
Reese T. Jones
Chapter 14 Marijuana and Brain Dysfunction: Selected Research
Issues 121
Homer B. C. Reed, Jr.
Chapter 15 Marijuana and the Central Nervous System:
A Discussion 125
PSYCHIATRIC PROBLEMS
Chapter 16 Psychiatric Consequences of Marijuana Use:
The State of the Evidence 133
Roger E. Meyer
Chapter 17 Psychiatric Consequences of Marijuana 153
Jerome H. Jaffe
Chapter 18
Marijuana and Psychiatric Problems: A Discussion 159
EPILOGUE
Passions, Pot and Science Policy 167
Daniel X. Freedman
Subject Index 173
List of Contributors
Thomas F. Babor Alcohol & Drug Abuse Research Center, Department of
Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School — McLean Hospital, Belmont,
Massachusetts
Jonathan O. Cole Boston State Hospital & McLean Hospital, Boston, Mas-
sachusetts
Rhea L. Dornbush New York Medical College, Flower and Fifth Avenue
Hospitals, New York, New York
James Ellingboe Alcohol & Drug Abuse Research Center, Department of
Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School — McLean Hospital, Belmont,
Massachusetts
Arthur Falek Georgia Mental Health Institute, Department of Psychiatry
and Anatomy, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
Daniel X. Freedman Department of Psychiatry, University of Chicago,
Chicago, Illinois
Donald W. Goodwin Department of Psychiatry, Washington University
School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
Louis S. Harris Department of Pharmacology, Medical College of
Virginia,Richmond, Virginia
Leo E. Hollister Departments of Medicine and Psychiatry, Palo Alto
Veterans Administration Hospital, & Stanford University School of
Medicine, Palo Alto, California
Jerome H. Jaffe Department of Biological Psychiatry, Columbia Univer-
sity & New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York
Reese T. Jones Department of Psychiatry, University of California Medi-
cal Center, San Francisco, California
Elvin A. Kabat Department of Microbiology & Department of Human De-
velopment & Human Genetics, Columbia University, New York,
New York
Robert C. Kolodny Endocrine Research Section & Infertility Program,
Reproductive Biological Research Foundation, St. Louis, Missouri
John Kuehnle Alcohol & Drug Abuse Research Center, Department of
Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School — McLean Hospital, Belmont,
Massachusetts
vii
Steven S. Matsuyama Department of Psychiatry, University of California
at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
Jack H. Mendelson Alcohol & Drug Abuse Research Center, Department
of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School — McLean Hospital, Belmont,
Massachusetts
Roger E. Meyer Alcohol & Drug Abuse Research Center, Department of
Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School — McLean Hospital, Belmont,
Massachusetts
Albert E. Munsen Department of Pharmacology, Medical College of
Virginia,Richmond, Virginia
Gabriel G. Nahas Department of Anesthesiology, College of Physicians
and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, New York
William Pollin Division of Research, National Institute on Drug Abuse
Rockville, Maryland
Homer B.C. Reed, Jr. Neuropsychology Laboratory, Tufts University
School of Medicine, New England Medical Center, Boston, Massa-
chusetts
Robert M. Rose Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Boston Univer-
sity School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
Morton A. Stenchever Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Univer-
sity of Utah Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
Jared R. Tinklenberg Drug Abuse Council, Inc., Washington, D.C. and
Department of Psychiatry, Stanford University School of Medicine &
Palo Alto Veterans Administration Hospital, Palo Alto, California
viii
PREFACE
In response to the many controversial reports of direct links
between the use of marijuana and various health hazards, the Drug
Abuse Council Inc. sponsored a conference in Washington, D.C. on
methodological issues involving recent marijuana research. Partici-
pating in the conference were 19 scientists, recognized international-
ly as experts on the numerous research techniques presently
employed by those who are studying the effects of marijuana. These
investigators provided their critical, state of the art assessments of
what is presently known about the human health consequences of
marijuana consumption.
This book, which combines those assessments and the ensuing
discussions, focuses on five areas of current controversy and concern:
1) marijuana and genetics, 2) marijuana and immunity, 3) marijuana
and testosterone, 4) marijuana and the central nervous system, and
5) marijuana and psychiatric problems. The validity and implications
of present research findings in each of these five areas are discussed
and attention is given to what types of investigations are required to
further elucidate the many important, yet unresolved issues regarding
the effects of marijuana.
Acknowledgements for making the conference and this book pos-
sible are due many people, but especially to the Board of Directors
and members of the staff of the Drug Abuse Council. I thank Dr.
Thomas E. Bryant, President, Drug Abuse Council, and Dr. Peter G.
Bourne, Special Consultant, Drug Abuse Council, for realizing the
critical timeliness of these important issues and for assisting in the
organization of the conference. I am indebted to Dr. Leo E. Hollister
and Dr. Daniel X. Freedman for skillfully co-chairing the conference.
Thanks are due Ms. Hillary Mayell for her excellent job preparing the
transcripts of the discussions and supervising the preparation of this
manuscript. Thanks are due also to Ms. Margot Backas, Ms. Ginny
Baldwin, and Ms. Genevieve Jones for their efficient assistance. It has
been a pleasure to work with the staff of Academic Press. Finally,
and most importantly, I thank the participants for their superb con-
tributions to this volume. Jared R. Tinklenberg
ix