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‘pagation lou of Sins Comsat 31 ae ee ee eee ee eee EEE VOLLIME 3, NO. 1, JANUARY, 2012 Marie Curie — An Immortal Life in Science Family Background Marie Curie, one ofthe arectes seco sts oll time seas burn on November 7, 1857. Her father’ rare 4s ‘Whecisiay Sklodowski nd mother, ronishen. She lens the EAL and fase child of the family: Palard was thor under the rule of the Russian Tzars, There were so uprisings, one in November 1830 end the second fne in January $63, sshich led to the exile ant inpeisonment of Poles an a vast scale. Mother Bronislaw sas he headmistress of a private schon! ne of the host schools fet iss in Wars She was rai during suunmer TS) and used to live nan gpattment adjacent 1o her school, The eauple lived here for seven years. Vm. Bronslawa bore five cluldren: Zofs in 1962, Jozef in 1863, Bronstav it 1865, Helen in 866 und finally Maria ia 1367. Dring January 1868 uprising, Wladystaw's beothe Aiisinw, vvice wounded nthe fighting, Ned to France Bronislawa's hrother Hearyk, se ae Soight in te rebelhon, was exiled in Siberia for fone years ‘Walyst’s father als fou inthe Noversne? 1830 uprising, 20d was Given ont foot, 130 miles net 0” Waray However, lates, he yess is career a8 4 tegchor Hs, 2 hea of te shoe, isin hat ented pessins dhol be alowed wy sdy withthe chile ‘ofthe nabiliy. This wus simply unbelicvsble at tha time! This Mori's fly, book hors mother end father's cud. hadalong political aditon ‘What wasthe tito the Polesin Russian Pola? I he suites 1a, he can never become & judge senerally not oven an ollieial, without separating ‘imei toma intersoursa with bis counteynen I he ies medicine, he ean never obtain a post at @ uaniversiy never be atthe head of = hospital, never Te isi eal ‘unauet a public clinic, The rests sbasery oF anything However. sciero note, ‘My futher enjoyed giving explaneien shout ‘Nature. Unhappily, head 20 labortony an enw not petformespenieris, Syamal Chakrabarti Whar a6 his educational qualification? the never suid abroad or obisined any university degree ee the uprising of Novetsbe IN, she Russians closed down ‘Warsaw Univers ty. However,” Wladys uw Studie ology in Warsi, gredusting fom > vlepy department without sin any official tas, ese Twleich biology tohisosetiliren ‘The family moved fiom the apartment adiacent to the scheal in 1868. A great tragedy camo into the Fai Moher Bronisiaw died im 1A78 ftom ubereulosi ‘She was out of huine Jor tresiment whe Maria was Fixe years old only. ter leaving ier terchis jo, Bronisiawa taught lrself shoe making. She hen fpencd a litle shop in her apaitcar without ast Fesentment Fr daingithe so-called low cccupation of ‘cobble Ue family sel to send vacation with lr rela imcourtysides, Maria wrote later, Tome my koe lt the country anid nate "Sho lst he nolberasen yeas offer sue She aad also founs the sagie demise of hee {eldest sister Zofia two vaurs and dive months betaee herriothers deat Her Education in Poland Maria got sdmiss on atthe sehool where her moter aca teicher Sheand Helena opted fr their cird urate class. Helen ss ten nine Gen. Mana was youngest in influenced her’ classmates. ith he unusual intelligence and exceatinal temo. of he fiends respected tier nd often asked lar belp in ratheriaics ard other difficult sunsets, Maria Sklodosska_gradusted trom Gymnasiuin Nantbee Three i883. Jozob their only brren, wet fo Medical schon! at Rarsaw University. Asmiseon of ‘women io Warsaw Univesity was fonbilden tat {ime What can Marie do now? She en study abe Pais or St Petersharg, oF she ean be a tench ike he clas She matter Whathappncd et She touk almost a yea"s test in the country. She ‘euded a train ant tt Wars foram extend visit ajihecmateal ance ao eat She wrote! t have no schedule get up eometimes at fel Celocksornotimes at Tour se ive (morning, nol evening! reno serous books only harmless td Aisuidlilicnovels ‘Maa, jn ter yourer days, was lugely influenosd by Dositivista Auguste Com he or gina ofthe 1a Enaceived: postivism ax 4 son! roligion whicieas 32 Palisa positvise cmbeacsd empiviism and ejected Ue moluphysical pat of. Comte was believer of ‘oateral infesiosity of womnen. The plish positivist: were enthusiastic nuppartersof women'srighis Some of nur readers may nat believe the fall Fics nowadays, ‘There was an edieation academy forthe young Polish swomten which started sunning from 1882. Two hundred young Polish women used to mee. secretly in the privatsaparioent ofthe supporters where they were Taught by prominent Warsaw seientist, philosophers fang historians of Polish literature and cules Somehow, Russian Police got the information and ‘mos: of the foaehers in the academy were forced to leave Wasess, Maria was involved in the souret seadlemty flow its inception. Maria and Bronia, after wyauation, begat to take courses. In TS86, the sealemy became a mivessiy known as Flsing Universi, By 1889-60, @ thousand women were rolled in FlyiagCuiversity: ng ‘After takiug courses fas one yeu, she decided to take a jeb.as3 governess inthe family of lawyers. The Tarily Frembers were sinply unbearable, ‘aria wrote, Tearned to kaow the human ase a isle better oy ling here. Tlearned hat the exaracers seria in nos relly da exist, One mast no enter into eon wits people who have by wealth” ‘This kind of dily-ife ean nat go an fer ever Roni sand Maria mnade'a plan, 3ronse will gp for study in Paris within a peer Masia will contre as poverress Tor aeiping Bionis and her father. Once Bromta 8 cstablished, Maria 1 follow he. Maia workel for fue yours sw yowernass, During Ss pel Mars el teach gr a pia peastnl children. She also contaued Rot felication. She sudiod Daniels Physies, Sponc Social (in French), Paul Ber Lessons on Anatomy and Phys olngy (in Russian). She kept her hahit of Solving ul zebriandingonamety. Maria wrote as us mueh interested in lerature and sociology as in seienee,, I finally tumst towards iathetwatisarnd physi. (One of Maria's ecusin, fourteen yeas oldet than hes, had rourned te Poland ater studying in Russia with Mendeleew. He bocime the disctor of @ positivist. influenced instintion named Museum ef Fuss and ro pagation Jour of Sten Commas Agvicleure’ (1875), These was a heisty laboratory Jn'the mescum, She ws allowed to work over there Sho‘srote inher antebiogiephiea! nots “Cgied out varies experiments described in sitios on physics and chow ists. THe sul: wore sometimes Unexpected. There were also seicemts ene fluo Fesuling roo my inexperience French biologist Claude Remnant (1813-1878) ws er hero, Rersard is considered bee fahero-odera experiments! physiology. Probably because of er five access inthe chemistry Inboratory, she opto far shemvy and phys over hogy wisn a Her Life in France Brosia got her medical degre jn 1891 std srl prcticng in Pay ith er physician husband. Mara Esme to Paris durisa Novenhe 1891. Thal tin, Searson all eould not bear weve in. evi suit end ould not spend their owe carninas without thei husband's permission Marianas. avission in Sarbninne att gat fernce en setences in 1893 fone out of (60 Kemve Beence.teciniens in the wine university) end fcence ds mathemuatiques i 1894 (one fut of five recipient in the whole university, A teal of sieer professor taut her F ght were so famous that theirsames are found inthe ent Dietionty of Scientific Biography, Maca stood frst inthe feence @s sciences and second in the licence et matcmanigues, ‘After sometime, im the spring of 1894, she met Pierre Curie (1889-1906) who was. thea conducting experiments un magnetism, Dy that time, he had already taventeda numbor of dches imcesuring instruments, Lard Kelvin appreciated Piewre for Tis original contribution to understanding of heat snd work. He wa a teacher in the Klecle municinale de pibsstque ot chamie Indusiielfe aad was least interested tw submit a thesis or PhD degree. However, Pierre presented his thesis at the Sorponre in. Matslt 1895 and ‘obtained PE Dshorly Matia and Piesre married on July 26,1885 ‘They were not slaves of fashiom hat loved bicycling ‘Where they were in Paris, they used ther bustles ‘whanever pesible, Pree and Matias yeas eobined Income was six thousand franes, roughly thre times af a seiooleueher anal our mes that cs laoer: Tei Jnsome da nox permicthem te havese-vanls, POPUP OPO POPP ROO VOPR ROP RR Oe ee ae ee ee eee agation una of Siene Common 33 Peepaeeaee” Righrtfomthe very beginning, they usedta ga esearch logetner Irene wasborn on Septetnber 12, 1897. Aner tu months, Maris tok ass Site wrote her Father fon November IC, 1897 dont want to inertere ih ry cls doveloprient foramythingon eth, Atte samesine her devaton fr esench was beyond {Sy auecon, She wile a paper ‘On Magasin of Temyered Sess far the Bulgin ofthe Soe frie Ercouragement of National Indus Tse her ist publ ail. She conoetiaed on her work or Mmision ‘of her PED thesis. Emisent French ict Hen Hergierel dlscvetedtadioatiiy im keh tos She arcsed 0 votk on tiesane nuh fic abjst was fhe sen a te, Pee Cue ths eindin hisendevour They wore the first to invent a highly seneitize radigactivty measuring instament Ty fet they mse fn ionization etambse from the [ell ver ssnen srocery erates, Inside, they iauodueed two eivular intl plates, cipw eortimeters in diame me ahove the athe, sopersied by dos centimeters. Or the lover Pkt, trey placed a thia layer of Whe substance in ‘question. Then they charged the lower plate wit a High-vokagehanery. the substance on ie mae was ondacioe dug) ain per pave woul sally he chayged. ‘She fis experimented with white UUaaium powder oblained from Henn Moistan (NU 0g. Then she cellcted samples haphazerdly trom her caleagnes avoune She had det note-books on hes experituents, On February 16, 1989, she tested 3 slements itelicing Gold aad Copper. Nene of thom produced cutents as evidenced feo the dellostion petomoftcclecteometer Golden Time Ahead (On Febranty 1, 1898, se tested bean black pithy tninral oe as pitehblerl, a mineral of Uraniu Tegrime back in 789, elf tgt chore Marcin Hist Kleproth esirictod Umium tom this ninoval.TVe element eas used aes cavouring agent ‘Marie Cais tun thatthe mineral produces strong urea: thay Uraniam alone. She was paaled. Next thy, stevied with several Un iunneompuatds wll ts Unaniun and yitchilende. Compounds age Tess saotve than pure Urania. Bur pitch On February 24, 1888, she experimented with the nied acschnite which contains Mian but 10 Uranium. tt is also foun wo be more active than (Cranium, Theriem was discovered hy IJ, Berzsios Tes, Observation I: Thorium s more active than Union (Observation It: Pitchblende more active than sither atthe During that perod, Pies had been tumad doxn a orofessorship at Soiboune. Jean Peis, twelve yours ‘Younger thas hin, get the job, Charles Friedel, who Drapessd Pie's ame totes letertahim ‘what can one do against a nermalien? . do good work in physical ebenissy order show these The couple did not care the rejgctian, Piete was hen working with crystals. He left that research land joined Madam Curie (Note Book" Maveh 18, 1308 Why pitzhblende is more active? Imustcontainness ‘aciosetive elements, Cuties performed atctsr experiment in between, They measured the act ¥iy Dt natural chalealite Ti the same by addirg Uranium and Copper phosphate ard compared the activity of natural ‘haleoite ah cifeal chaoui, Hs ue thatthe later sts fess activity than Usanium, Their inuhedhate conclusion : Natur ehatoalite contains element mereactive thin "seis In Search of New Elements Marie Curie read paper in the Academe ttl Rays mitted by Cranium ard Thorium compels, As Maris and Plewe sere nol the members of the exon he pape: was reul by Girl ppm, 4 teacher oF Marie at Sorbunce. This paper wa not ony ft ating ev eaten ut propane wo meh me Tinpovant tings 4 Novelty ino physics : radioastive properties are a Giagnosic for the discovery of new" sbstaices {Abrabean Pais: invant Boenh 1) Ac activity ws Round 40 be progertonal with Amonat of Uranium o Thorm, radioactivity i en stant phenomeao Marie and Pierre stared working with, 100 gm of pitehblende, “hey tated the mineral with sens hemcals. They measurel activity of each faction ‘The fraction having, highest activity was put under 34 spcetoscopy: No definite spectra was observed boeeuss oF inpurtes. They invied Gustave Been, a chemi, to hep na separation, The saryple was divided into to pars. Mave ort sisting, which is 3 times active fan Uraiuan, Pleme got 380 ties active mateial They performed spectroscopy. Again resus are atsappainsing Finally hey gee parewhich sn times more retive, They named it ss alomury {Duly TS98). The paper ented “Ura New Raionacive Substance eebigmeslnPichblende Ale that, thee was 9 work or thce oth det he Shomage of winerals The wav again sted in November 1804, Thuy aot pare which i ODO tines ative than Graium. Ths tneSpactoscepy worked. Achameess Seta Ties Fun which wasnt no et In the note books om 2th December 1898, Pi romney a names Ragin A pane led Tete Sirly Rasioassve Substance eortned anPichblende was red on Dscembor 2, 188 From the heginning ofthe new year, hey div their searching area: Macame dockted to folate Radium’ (Getora chemist) cere dseided 9 ind ou the cause Stradinget ity (get afapysicin), We eitea evasling ‘stement fom tiene it wae my mothar who had no fear af throwing hveelt witht personnel, withant mney. what supplies. with wayehouse Tor a Ieboratony, into sauning tsk of testing kilos ptehbleade inorder to feoncentste and soiae radim, Maric hi work ‘Sith 20 kgsof material ars time Maric wots, we Wete very happy. We passed aut ays atthe laboratory, often eating 2 smle stden’s Tach sere, Whisn sve were cold cup ef hot toa clicerad us. We lived in proseeupation es complet {hatofadrean’ Their financial soetionges mierable Marie wentetafer nother fone (March 189M} my huxhaadts sary isnot que enough “or ust live cn Wekavs fad some unexsoeted extra resoneas (.e izes) every year, which keeps us fom hwvinga deft ‘After fou leap years of caninnous work, in July 190, Matie Curie anounced tat so ad isolated ane dcipran frei Weal oo, asin spoons MNOS ‘ut ras nae own to the Cures that hae a deal poten Tir chooks are undounieds very ESOS Sheumnsnts bu eve aly ey ell aia 1890 end 1900 wore vorytuitul yeas. Marie wrote ‘opape's on solaron otradiun, Piste wiete on.on igaliol the affect of magnetic Held on radium emission. There were tives joint papers where thoy repreed induced alinasiviy eid) etre eharge af cei can ys. International Congress of Physics, Paris and afier Scientists from Austria, Arun, Germany, Hunger, aly, Japan, Russia, Scandinavia, Switerland & Unie ‘States attended the congress. India alse Farticipted Lord Kelvin, HA. Lorenz, vant Holl Eh Adthenias were present Chris ead their longest paper The New Radicectise Substances” in the confess Troy tle) everthing excopfthe snurecofenergy ofthe Becquer| rvs at ‘fae thon comapltely urknown, Caries them Fatsedthequestion inti peper ‘Nhat ts the source of every caring from the Becquerel rays? Does it ceme tram within the adibactive bodies, or from outside. them? Gravitational and electamagoetic. Fores (dae ta ‘Newien and Maxwell) were kro ht tise. ul we Trad in idea about nuclear free. Marie, Tew yeas safle in her Ist paper suggested ‘al a space i Iaverved by rays. whieh can only he absorhod by seria elements of righ atone weight ke Urania & Thoriom, Te means. eversy” is rousht 10 the Tadloaetive substances trem ouside Isic? Rutherfaré in_January 189¥, suggested. that rad oaetive omissions are mad op of at Teast diferent kind oF rays, hota rays" and ‘alpha a! Matame Cats, Pie Curie ald Honey Bocqistel Concluded that Rutherford’ "soi particle? ate entisal with Professor, Thomson's negatively charged particles. By 1003, Rutherford ard Sod finally. proved that radinartivity isa icleay Dhenciienon.-topeiedupthe ereaornuciear physic, Inisimerestng to note thar atthe beginning, Mariewas non be.evet of adiencive lsinogrstich, Hwee In-1906, she publishes pager which shows ‘st PPojonium loses halos netiity after Mays CCuries got an ofr i 1909 font he Univesity 0 Genova However, ‘hey desided "0 say in Frmce Te the same year, Mavie deeame the fmt wostan inthe faculty of tie Feole norinalesuperieue at Sevres. ‘was known as enutrs best prepay hoa! fr ‘women teachers. Piette got an offer to teack physics, agation Jor of Since Communion 35 PPP PPPS ERE EEE REESE eee homisty and nataral story tothe medical sae at Sorbonne. Thore was a post vacant fm mineralogy in ‘12. "Te wes refi el forthe second ine, Hewes 30 refined the membership of the “renel aexcemy a Seienes. Paul Ensile Appel. a well known French ‘oathematicin weished tn se the rame nf Pierre C2 Inthe istof the LagionatHoncur. He wretea leer Mare: "ask von # use all your influence te make sore Monsieur Cariedossnetseise,.” Piosreadil plod donot dese wo be put onthe ist Trdecoratin, In June 1903, Mari deen her doctoral thesis, And ‘yes nese yeu, she go he Nobel Prize in Physics fia her hushead Pere Une ard Henes Becguers Fw niinstrs submited the work of Rateriond & Soddy, Angstrom argued strongly, "Tr some work Be sventken by or scent, ty nas nis de hhorour for the fist discovery of tae phenomenon, Mane Cri hecamethe fast weman to eosive s Nobel ras. She rman the fst until ar daughter Tre ‘vont same prize in 1235. They vere reat sient ‘They were great tuchers iso, Piers wrote a letter > the ohe Commitee “wan othe gone from ourelessesat thissime nf year ‘wifi ineurring. great diffiuttios in exe teaching ‘hich seatustedious’ Simaty unbelievable! ‘The aanouncement mad> a mixed reaction. Some people td press etpinded us nat forget hat seis oma In ful ‘Ms. Cure is adevoved fellow Laborer In erhusbands research an has ascoeiaed her name twtnhiseiseovoriss, (Now York Here.) Bione Curie was mtrodused in the academy of sciences He wrotshistiendGicarges Gon “ind that Taman it wither wanting to ae anal without tie aeademy warting "0 have me. Madam was very evlul-"Oht me, Lam enly a woman. Piere was aied, ‘ota second time, t cobfer the Legion of Honou ere replied, do not fost the neo ofa decoration. real lahortory” in 1904, Pierre became prefessur of physits in Shsbonne, Pierteand Mare were proviged witha lage tourer, ‘Both other were suffering from riatonsiekres. In 16, Pierre vis filled in a strest accident. The professorship was offered tp Marie acl she Boeame the first woman professor at Sorbonne. She coutinued to ‘work og raditm ard islation of polorutn. It the ‘meantime, there secord daughter Live was orn on ssembsr 61908 Marie as Leader of the Lab “Thee were seven workers inthe laherony at the tin fof expiry of Piere Cure. Within thee year, the dumber became bwenty Tour. She ot firunsil Gatnument from Whe University af Pars and Pasteur Taste to bul a laberator. She proved frst ab ‘ery able mista or She was offered the Legion of Horoue? bu, she relinec, 191K) she wale! introduce her nate in the lrench academy of sconces, {A215 years old lnstinte ef France. Madart Cure mas deady © very promiacat member of Intemational Roivim Standard Commitee and alsa" bad her hhonourary membership from Swedish, Dts, Czcoh and Palisa avadersies, The e wren conservative guy sande righcwing ress were pnosin her membership a she got deleted by a vote cl 60 i 85, Por the next IP years, she never requested anyone lo present her proper i he academy: ene, alter recewving her Nobel Fre, o tsed tice bul ras reused. Marguerite Perey, doctor stent of Murie Curie (iscov ster of Trancium) became first woman meni of the adomy in 1962. Sao ses working hard to make the "Raut institut’ areal Maula, for the firs time in the world, pot soeand Nohel Prize in 1911 fin Femisry Ter she discovery of Radium and Poleniur. She became seviusty 19 1911, was hospitalizad and operated in March 1912, World War Tand Madame Curie ‘Wits amabile X-ray yehiele, she sete te vd solelets i the sate Held Shoals donated her Nobel Medals tor ticcause ofthe warafthe French peopl, Madameas Institute Builder Raulum Insiuste was built in “914, I 1925, she Tnunded the Warsaw Fedium Insitute. She had also acted a5 head af the famous Pastour instuie ad 3 ‘dioneivtslnboratary inthe University of Pats Her Last Days ‘She visited her motherland last in 1934, Aller few ‘months, she breathed her Tashan dth Toly 1934. fn 9 Sansc, shs sacrificed horse for the ease of seine and human welfare. er working laboratory 8 1ow transformed a Curie Muscam, Alter Eten Sad, ‘aie Curie i, ofall celebraved beings, the only ons ‘wham famehas neccorupted 36 This year is not only the ‘international Year of Chernin’. It has heen declared as Year of Marie Cie! hy wa countries Poland aad Fron Flement swith aon number "96° 6 hnosin as (Caen "The (Cre (Cit is the nit of magi. Maciel be leverremenbered in aur mind, How eam one forget ter Jmmsemarial werd, “I mostly think of what has to be {dene and not of whathas beendene”Sheecautioned the futurs genoration of seionsies by saying, “Seionee is essontallyntemational, and ie only though lack oF Iistvieal sense tha national qualtige bivve been albedo” Prot Syamal Chakrabarof Deparursn:of Chemisty, Liners of Ceuta ia nosd opua ssenee Seite a the veep oF Salyer Hose Aaa ant Ral Paras fo his conta Kiceclilenine Pr pagation © References a — sc 58 Marie Curie ani the Science of Rasicactivity By Ne Pca Ore skeeiy fee a Taf By Sot Onion, Peres TUTTRTTTT TT TR TTT TTT Terry errr yr ir tt