Marcus Aurelius' Rain Miracle and the Marcomannic Wars (Mnemosyne, History and Archaeology of Classical Antiquity, Supplements, 308) PDF
Preview Marcus Aurelius' Rain Miracle and the Marcomannic Wars (Mnemosyne, History and Archaeology of Classical Antiquity, Supplements, 308)
Marcus Aurelius’ Rain Miracle and the Marcomannic Wars Mnemosyne Supplements History and Archaeology of Classical Antiquity Edited by Susan E. Alcock, Brown University Thomas Harrison, Liverpool Willem M. Jongman, Groningen H. S. Versnel, Leiden VOLUME 308 Marcus Aurelius’ Rain Miracle and the Marcomannic Wars By Péter Kovács LEIDEN • BOSTON 2009 On the cover: Rain God (photo by the author). This book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Kovács, Péter, 1969– Marcus Aurelius’ rain miracle and the Marcomannic wars / by Péter Kovács. p. cm. — (Mnemosyne, Bibliotheca Classica Batava. Supplementum ; 308. History and archaeology of classical antiquity) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-90-04-16639-4 (hardback : alk. paper) 1. Marcus Aurelius, Emperor of Rome, 121–180. 2. Religion—Rome—History— Marcus Aurelius, 161–180. 3. Marcomannic War, 167–180—Relgious aspects. 4. Rome—History—Marcus Aurelius, 161–180. 5. Miracles. I. Title. DG297.K68 2009 937’.07—dc22 2008038934 ISSN 0169-8958 ISBN 978 90 04 16639 4 Copyright 2009 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Hotei Publishers, IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. printed in the netherlands CONTENTS Acknowledgements ..................................................................... vii List of Abbreviations .................................................................. ix List of Illustrations ...................................................................... xiii Introduction ................................................................................ xvii Chapter One The rain miracle ............................................... 1 Chapter Two Research history of the rain miracle ................ 3 Chapter Three Sources for the rain miracle .......................... 23 Chapter Four The rain miracle in medieval Latin and Byzantine sources .................................................................... 95 Chapter Five Coins and the rain miracle ............................... 107 Chapter Six The forged letter attributed to Marcus Aurelius ................................................................................... 113 Chapter Seven Julian Theurgistes and the rain miracle ........ 123 Chapter Eight The lightning and rain miracles ..................... 137 Chapter Nine The Column of Marcus Aurelius .................... 155 Chapter Ten The scenes on the Column of Marcus Aurelius ................................................................................... 169 Chapter Eleven Marcomannic-Quadian assault on Italy ....... 181 Chapter Twelve Pannonia and the Marcomannic wars ......... 201 The names of the ‘Marcomannic’ wars ................................ 201 The history of the fi rst Marcomannic war (A.D. 166–167/175) ............................................................ 203 vi contents The history of the second Marcomannic war (A.D. 178–180) .................................................................... 242 The rule of Commodus and the end of the war (A.D. 180–182) .................................................................... 250 Chapter Thirteen The dating of the scenes on the Column of Marcus Aurelius ................................................................. 265 Bibliography ................................................................................ 277 Index of Names .......................................................................... 289 Index of Sources ......................................................................... 295 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The English text was revised by Judith Rassom, PhD. I am indebted to her for the precise work. I wish to thank Prof. Géza Alföldy and Prof. Zsigmond Ritoók for reading my manuscript and for their useful critical comments. I also wish to thank Prof. Miklós Maróth and Prof. László Török for their help. My work was supported by the Bolyai János Research Grant of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (2002–2005, 2006–2008).1 1 The Hungarian version of my work was published in 2005: P. Kovács, Marcus Aurelius esZcsodája és a markomann háborúk. Pécs 2005. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ACD Acta Classica Universitatis Debreceniensis Acta Antiqua Acta Antiqua Academicae Scientiarum Hungaricae Acta ArchHung Acta Archaeologica Hungarica Acta SS. Acta Sanctorum AÉp L’Année Épigraphique AIIN Annali dell’Istituto di Numismatica AIJ V. Hoffi ler – B. Saria, Antike Inschriften aus Jugos- lawien I. Noricum und Pannonia Superior. Zagreb 1938 AJA American Journal of Archaeology ANRW Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt ArchRozl Archeologické Rozhledy ArchIug Archaeologia Iugoslavica BAR British Archaeological Reports BHAC Bonner Historia Augusta Colloquium BJb Bonner Jahrbücher BMC Coins of the Roman Empire in the British Museum BudRég Budapest Régiségei BullArchAlg Bulletin d’Archeologie Algerienne BZ Byzantinische Zeitschrift CSCO Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium Chron. Min. I Chronica Minora I. Monumenta Germaniae Histo- rica. Auctores Antquissimi IX. Ed. Th. Mommsen Berlin 1892 CIL Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum CommArchHung Communicationes Archaeologicae Hungariae CQ Classical Quarterly CSEL Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum CSHB Corpus Scriptorum Historicorum Byzantinorum CW The Classical World DissPann Dissertationes Pannonicae DizEp Dizionario Epigrafi co di antichità romane FolArch Folia Archaeologica G.C.S. Die griechsichen christlichen Schriftsteller der ersten Jahrhunderte
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