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7. Grammar Notes 7.1. Parts ofspeech 7.7.7 Pronouns Pronouns are a class ofwords substituted for nouns and substituted forproper names sothat there doesn't have to be constant repetition ofthenounorpropernoun in a body of text. 7.7.7.7 PersonalPronouns Personal pronouns are words that are used in place of nouns or proper nouns that identify them as possessors ofsomething, as doers ofan action, as recipients ofan action, Gramniar Notes 17 and as emphasized. These groupings are: Possessive Pronouns, Non-Focus Pronouns, Focus Pronouns, and Emphatic Pronouns. PossessivePronouns Possessive pronouns are pronouns that show ownership. Singular 4. 18 GrammarNotes Mapun, and are a completely different set from the possessive pronouns. Furthermore, English requires that you specify the gender ofthe third person singular. Singular Grammar Notes 19 Focus Pronouns Singular 20 Grammar Notes 2. Nikapasal iya, lai na bawya kinaddo'me'siAlsina. *As forhim, he was invited by Alsina.* 3. Palagikau kahati. Minsan kami makapallun kami, ya*du kami makahati. 'How much less you can understand it. Even we with our language, we can't understand it either.' Pronouns in theperiphery^ orobliquepronouns Obliquepronounscontainthesamepronouns astheemphatic setofpronouns,onlythey alwaysoccurprecededbytheprepositionni 'for/to/at'. Dependingonwhattheinitialletterof thepronounis, ni-becomes eithernin-,orning-exceptinthe instanceprecedingavowel, as wouldberequiredwith iya andaku. Intheseinstances, twodifferentchoices aremade. Since ni- + iya results in two like vowels occurring side by side, the word is pronounced with a glottal stopbetweenthetwovowels,justas any othervowelcombination. However, with ni- 4- aku, eventhoughtwovowelsoccursidebysideandwouldotherwiserequireaglottalstop, in this instance, a glide is made from the i to the a, resuUing in the necessity ofinserting a transitional consonant y: niyaku *for/tome' ningkami 'for/to us(excl)' ningkau *for/to you(sing.)' ningkitabi 'for/to us(incl)' niiya 'for/to him/her/it' ningkaam 'for/to you (pi)' ningkita *for/to us(dual)' ninsila *for/to them' 7,1,1.2Demonstrative Pronouns (Demonstratives^ Demonstrative Particles^ Locators) Demonstrative pronouns are words that point out specific nouns in contrast to other nouns. In English, they arerestrictedto 'this', 'that', 'these' & 'those'. However, inMapun therearevariousdemonstrativeparticles thatworktogetherwithdemonstrativesandwhose forms must agree with the demonstratives. Therefore itwas consideredbestto incorporate here all such particles into the discussion ofdemonstrative pronouns. Englishmakes distinctionbetweensingularandpluralwith demonstratives,andalsoa rough distinction of proximity ('this' vs. 'that'). Mapun makes only distinction of proximity,ornearness,buttoamuch finerdegreethanEnglish,tellingnotonlyhownearan object or person is to the speaker, but also whether it is in view or not. Grammar Notes 21 Demonstratives 22 GrammarNotes Oylayilooyl 'What is that?' (object referredto is far from speaker and hearer, orabstract) Oytu ituul 'What is this?* (object referred to is near, being touched by, speaker) Oyna inaal *What isthat?' (object referred to is nearhearer) Locators/Pointers Pointers usuallyoccuraloneoratthebeginningofaclauseandareusedtoindicatethe location ofan object in relation to the speaker and hearer. At Hand Near Far from speaker & hearerwho areneareach other atu, itu alu, ilu alay, Tlay, Hay Atu na siJaymin, 'Here's Jaymin.' (Jaymin is seen comingtowards the speaker andhearer.) Ampunun biku, itu ku baysoho'da mitsala ntuu san lasa disuduwa kabtang. 'Forgiveme, I'm here having been asked by them to speak here even ifit'sjust aword or two.' Atu bitu hati tuku ku. 'So here's wheremy hammerwas/is!' 7.LL3 IndefinitePronouns Indefinite pronouns are used in place ofproper names or pronouns when there is no need or desire to be specific as to who did the activity, although they do show limits. someone some another many both all one luu kasohean sari meka sikaruwa mimon disu Luu baymaan aku. 'Someonetold it to me.' Yukkasohean, me'tuu. 'Some saiditwas like this.' GrammarNotes 23 San baynoho*akupitu. 'Someone else sentmehere.' Meka baymataykatohonan luma'looy. *Many died being fallen on bythat house.' 7.1.1.4ReflexivePronouns Reflexivepronounsareusedprecedingnon-focusedpersonalpronounstorefertoself. The words, diy dihan, anddidihan are reflexive pronouns. Mismu is also used for self, but unlike the others, it follows apropernounordemonstrative pronoun,ratherthanpreceding it, so is not considered a reflexive pronoun. Kaam, iuu mban bidi bi. 'You, youhave yourown transportation.' Aku, gam na bawku ngaddo'usaha nidihan ku, daaja'hulassangsd'jama. 'Me, it's better I get ajob formyselfthantake (the earnings of) another person'sefforts.' 7.1.1.5InterrogativePronouns Interrogative pronouns soy 'who', mmooy, 'which', and ay 'what' are used in asking questions concerning nouns. They are also used as relativepronouns., oflen butnot always prefaced with the relator, bong, which in these settings has no English equivalent, but elsewhere means if. Soybaymd'ningkau?Katoonan kubongsoybayma'ningkau. 'Whotoldyou?"I knowwho itwasthattold you.' Mmooydo'niyaku?Baan nu ku mmooyniyaku. 'Which is forme?"Tell me which is forme.' Oyman nu baymme'?Domansila tau bongoyman nu baymme'. 'Whatdidyoutravel on?' 'They wantto know whatyoutraveledon.' 7.L2 Nouns Nouns are words that indicate persons, places, or things. 24 GrammarNotes 7A.2A Pluralization ofnouns Nouns arepluralized, orshowmorethanone byplacingtheparticlesiga, orga before the noun. (Englishmerely adds an s tothe noun forpluralization, unless the nounis one of thefewthattakethesameformforsingularasforplural,e.g.sheep, deer,orunlessthenoun takes another form altogether, e.g. geese, plural ofgoose). (Note: The particle ga is not limited to pluralization ofnoims.) Batnaa luu naya kaga baanansapi\ gabili-bili, kaga kambingsampayga ata na, danda-lalla. 'Now he's here with his groupsofcattle, sheep, and goats and also his slaves, male and female.* 7.L2 2Kinds ofnouns There are five kinds ofnouns: propernouns, simple nouns, abstractnouns, collective nouns, and compoundnouns. Proper nouns Propernouns arenames ofpeople, places, orthings. They always begin with acapital letter. Ifnaming a person, they are preceded by the marker, si. si Yusup 'Joseph' Jama Mapun *aperson ofMapun' Ahad 'Sunday' Tabulian 'name ofabarangay' Hariraya 'Muslim celebration' Tana'Makket 'nameofamunicipality' Simple, orcommon nouns Simple nouns name physical objects, or members ofa class ofthings seen: kayu 'tree' luma''house' anak 'child' sum' 'spoon' Abstractnouns Abstract nouns name unseen objects, or ideas: ase' 'love' kabanahan 'truth' gigit 'anger' GrammarNotes 25 Collective nouns Collective nouns name a group, species or collection ofthings, considered as one. bangsa daying *a fish species' baanan hayop 'groupofanimals' kalallahan *men' (as acollective group) Compoundnouns Compoundnouns consist oftwo nouns that combine to form a separate meaning. tangge-tingko'(tangge 'sining" + 'rmgAd* 'standing') *behavior' indu'-mma'{indu"mothcr' + mwa"father') 'parents' 7,1.2,3Affixation ofnouns Nouns may be derived from other word classes by adding one or more affixes to the base word: Adjective bases [ka--an, ka- +redup. -an] kalalamaan - {ka- ¥ la +/ama"dirty' + -an) 'physical/moral filthiness' kabanahan = (ka- + bana 'true' + -{h)an) 'truth' kakapahan- {ka- + kapa 'thick' + '{h)an) 'thickness' kasalamatan = (ka- + salamat 'safe' + -an) 'salvation' Verbbases [-an, ka--an, pa--an, paN--an] sumbalian = (sumbalV'to butcher' + -an) 'meat* (otherthan fish) panohoan = (paN- + soho' 'to order' + -an) 'acommand' pabuwatan ~ {pa- + buwat 'to do/make' + -an) 'work/things' kasusahan = (ka- + susa 'sad' + -{h)an) 'problem' kapandoyan = (ka- + pandoy *know-how' + -an) 'skill/know-how' Noun bases [pal- -an, ka--an] paluntungan - {pal- + untung 'profit' + -an) 'gain' kalallahan - (ka- + lalla 'male' + -(h)an) 'males' (as agrouping) Reduplicatednoun bases [redup., redup. + -an] luma' 'house' = luma'-luma' 'play house' tarak 'truck' = tarak-tarakan 'toy truck'