CHARLES HAMPDEN-TURNER COLLIER BOOKS Macmillan Publishing Company New York ToRolloMay for hisfaith ina humanism that knows ILLUSTRATORS tragedy and infondest memory of Gregory Bateson Candida Amsden pages 72, 73,75,77,82,85,87,90, (1904-80). The verse below was afavourite of hisand 95,109,157,167,175,179,201 seems appropriate now: Beverley Brennan page 133 Not on sad Stygian shore, nor inclear sheen Dave Fernandez pages 21,65,69, 101, 113,115, Offar Elysianplain, shall we meet those 121,141,15~ 171, 18~ 195 Among the dead whose pupils we have been ... Suzanne Haines page 35 Yet meet we shall, and part, and meet again, Carole Johnson pages 46-7,63,110-1,112,122 Where dead men meet, on lipsof livingmen. Stuart Knowles pages 17,23,27,31,39,41,49, 53, 'Lifeafter death' Samuel Butler 57,61,81,91,99,125,137,143, 159,183,193,209 Peter Stevenson pages 45,79,105, 117,119,147, 161,191,199,205 AUTHOR'SNOTE LindaTan pages 13,129,149, 163 Thisbook could nothavebeenwritten butforseveralfortunate eventswhich coincided. ARockefellerFellowshipput meinBritainat justthe righttime. Afriend, RichardHolme,tipped meoffthat Mitchell Beazleyhadlongwanted to createan'atlasofthemind'. JamesMitchell andEdDaytook thegamblethat this'headlong assaultuponthe ineffable'might befeasibleafterall.Theysustained mewith everykindofresource,friendship included,andmuch of theirownvisionwent intothisbook. It'ssaidthat inagood relationshipeachkeepsintegrity. Linda ColeandherassistantLindaTan,fought tenaciously forthe aestheticsofthevisualdesigns,while Ifought forthepoints Iwas trying tomake.Our argumentsoften wentseveralrounds.Francesca George,myeditor,valiantly defendedtheEnglishlanguageagainst thehordesofjargonthat infectthesocialsciencesandpenetrate my prose.Asarepresentativeof'the intelligent layperson'she Macmillan books areavailable atspecial discounts for bulk challengedmeto remainintelligible.Avril Cummingstyped and purchasesfor salespromotions, premiums, fund-raising, ·or retyped innumerable draftswith greatpatience.Tomywife,Shelley, educational use. andtwo boys,Michael andHanbury,IapologizeforthelonghoursI FordetaiIs,contact: wasshutawayfrom them. Deadlinesareremorseless.Itonlyserved Special SalesDirector to remind methat imagesofhumanity intheabstractareno Macmillan Publishing Company substitute for realpeople. 866Third Avenue New York, New York 10022 MapsoftheMind wasedited anddesigned byMitchell Beazley PublishersLimited, Mill House,87~89ShaftesburyAvenue, London W1V7AD MapsoftheMind© 1981Mitchell BeazleyPublishersLimited,87~89 ShaftesburyAvenue, London, W1V 7AD Text©CharlesHarnpden-Iurner l'B'l Illustrations ©Mitchell BeazleyPublishersLimited 1981 LibraryofCongressCataloging inPublication Data All rightsreserved.No partofthisbook maybereproduced or Hampden-Turner, Charles. transmitted inanyform orbyanymeans,electronic orrnechani- Mapsofthemind. cal,including photocopying, recording orbyanyinformation Bibliography: p. storageandretrievalsystem,without permission inwriting from Includes index. thePublisher. 1.lntellect. 2.Thought andthinking. 3.Personality. I.Title. Macmillan Publishing Company BF431.H318 1981b 128'.2 81~18141 866Third Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10022 AACR2 Collier Macmillan Canada, Inc. ISBN0~02~076870~p2bk FirstCollier BooksEdition 1982 Typesettingandartwork origination byBASPrintersLimited. OverWallop, Hampshire 10 9 8 7 PrintedintheUnited StatesofAmerica Contents 5 Map 24 90 Map 36 128 Gods, Voices and the Bicameral Mind: The Force Fieldsof Kurt Lewin The theories of Julian Jaynes Map 37 132 Map 25 94 Generativity and the Life-Cycle: The Holographic Mind: ErikErikson's Concept of Identity Karl Pribram Map 38 136 The Ascent from Plato's Cave: LEVEL4 Moral Development from Piaget to Kohlberg THECREATIVEMIND Map 26 98 LEVEL6 Cleansing the Doors of Perception: COMMUNICATION, LANGUAGE AND SYMBOLIS/v1 The Vision of William Blake Map 39 140 Map 27 100 Words and Things, Maps and Territories: The Bisociating Mind of Arthur Koestler The Semantics of Alfred Korzybski Map 28 104 Map 40 142 The Two Cultures Controversy: Solving the Monstrous Riddle: Getzels, Jackson and Hudson Russell,Whitehead and logical types Map 29 108 Map 41 146 The Lateral Thinking of Edward De Bono The Linguistics of Therapy: Noam Chomsky, Richard Bandler and John Grinder Map 30 112 The Paradox of Creativity: Map 42 148 Frank Barron and JayOgilvy The Synergistic Mind: Buckminster Fuller, Ruth Benedict and Map 31 114 Abraham Maslow The Structure of the Intellect: J.P.Guilford's Cubic Factors Map 43 152 The Lethal Structure of Morality: Charles Osgood to Charles Hampden-Turner LEVEL5 PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT Map 44 156 Freud's French Revolution: Map 32 116 Jacques Lacan interpreted by Sherry Turkle The Positive Regard of Carl Rogers Map 33 118 LEVEL7 Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs CYBERNETICSAND PSYCHOBIOLOGY Map 34 120 Map 45 158 The Etchings of Interpersonal Anxiety: The Problems of Life: The dynamisms of Henry Stack Sullivan Bertalanffy and General Systems Theory Map 35 124 Map 46 160 Encounter on the Narrow Ridge: The Wisdom of the Finest Fit: Martin Buber interpreted by Maurice Friedman The sigmoid turves of JonasSalk 6 Map 47 162 Map 55 192 The Holarchy of Living Nature: Dualities, Dialectics and Stars: The passionate pessimism of Arthur Koestler The view of Francisco Varela Map 48 166 Map 56 194 Alcoholism, Cybernetics and Unconquerable Souls: The Cusp of Catastrophe: The 'self and Gregory Bateson ReneThom, Christopher Zeeman and Denis Postle Map 49 170 The Double Bind and Schizophrenia: Bateson, Don D. LEVEL9 jackson, jay Haley, john H.Weakland THESTR!JCTUREOF MYTH Map 50 174 Map 57 198 Authoritarianism, Schismogenesis and the Self-exciting The Binary Code of Myth: System: Bateson and Nevitt ·Sanford Claude Levi-Strauss Map 51 178 Map 58 200 The Cybernetics of Mental Health: The 'Oresteia' and the Myth of Democracy Charles Hampden-Turner Map 59 204 'I have a Dream!': LEVEL8 Martin Luther King and the myth of America THEPARADIGMATIC MIND Map 60 208 Map 52 182 Ecology or Catastrophe? Mind asRelationships of Production: From Hegel to Marx and Engels BIBLIOGRAPHYand ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 213 Map 53 186 INDEX 220 One-Dimensionality, Dialectics and the Marx-Freud synthesis: Herbert Marcuse Map 54 190 The Structure of Scientific Revolutions: Thomas S.Kuhn and Allan Buss 7 Introd uction What is the mind?' is a question that has intrigued in ways that suggest wholeness. From time immemorial people from the earliest times - indeed, for as long as metaphors, symbols and stories have been used to man hasconsidered the possibility of mind at all. Itisthe create mental pictures and configurations. To dismiss first truly philosophical question which comes with the such forms as ambiguous is to miss the all important dawning of self-consciousness. Yet it stumbles on a function of relating different objects by their similarities. vexing question: How canthat which knows, know itself? Most of us would regard a photograph of a person as Each representation of the known which lacks the 'true' and an abstract painting aslessso, but it depends knower isnecessarily incomplete. onwhether weareconcerned with the separate nature of Mapsofthe Mind breakswith the notion that the one is that person or the relationship between the painter and prior to the many, that there must be some unitary the person. Also likeness has many aspects. reality behind multiple appearances. Ibelieve man ishis One day the husband of a woman who was being own metaphor, whose self-image fulfills itself in unfore- painted by Picassocalled at the artist's studio. 'What do seen ways. Like Proteus we can take many alternate you think?' asked the painter, indicating the nearly forms but not escape the consequences. This book finished picture. 'Well .. .'said the husband, trying to be brings together in visual form numerous ways in which polite, 'it isn't how she really looks.' 'Oh,' said the artist, mind hasbeen conceived. Since visuo-spatial imagery of 'and how does shereally look?' Thehusband decided not the human is a style of representation largely missing to be intimidated. 'Like this!' he said producing a from the dominant schools of psychology and philo- photograph from his wallet. Picasso studied the photo- sophy, there can be no pretence of impartially catalogu- graph. 'Mmm .. .'he said, 'small, isn't she?' ing the statusquo. The image-breakers arestill incharge. This entire book is a plea for the revision of social MAPS AS SHADOWS science, religion and philosophy to stress connected- One limitation of maps is that they are usually two ness, coherence, relationship, organicism and whole- dimensional. Verbal explanations suffer the same ness, as against the fragmenting, reductive and com- limitation; to explain meant originally, 'to layout fiat'. To partmentalizing forces of the prevailing orthodoxies. My illustrate this, Viktor Frankl invited us to consider the belief is that industrial cultures are dangerously different shadows cast by acylinder (seeillustration). The overdifferentiated and underintegrated. We com- interesting point about shadow-maps and their limited pulsively exaggerate our differences while ignoring what (but nevertheless 'real') representations isthat the same we have in common. The maps here are deliberately objects can look so different when mapped differently selected and described with a view to their overall and completely different objects can be mapped sothat compatibility, complementarity and convergence. W. H. they look the same. Thus, ifone takes acylinder, acone Auden wrote that we must 'love each other or die'. 'Love' and a sphere, the two-dimensional shadows they cast isatrifle too ambitious perhaps, but we can understand. can be identical; but one need only shine the light from another direction and the 'shadow maps' of the same MAP-MAKING objects become a rectangle, a triangle and a circle We 'map' with words as well as images but because respectively. words come in bits and pieces many people have MAPS VARY ACCORDING TO THEPOINT OF VIEW assumed that the world isin bits and pieces too, with bits The problems above arisepartly because things normally corresponding to words. 'Not so,' said Alfred Korzybski, perceived in three dimensions are being represented in 'the map is not the thing: Word maps have a only two. There isalsothe question of point of view: the fragmentary structure that derives from language itself, shadow depends upon the position of the light - move not necessarily from what language describes. The idea the light and the shadow changes shape. This visual of linear cause and effect, for example, isinherent in the phenomenon has a verbal counterpart in an old story structure of asentence, where asubject acts by way of a that hasbeen put into verse. Itconcerns sixwise men, all verb upon an object, but this may be avery inadequate blind, who came across anelephant, and tried to discern rendering of what is happening, especially of mutual itsshape. influences. One way to correct this verbal bias is to supplement words with visual maps. Ifthe human mind is Sixwise men of India to be conceived asawhole aswell asparts, we need not An elephant did find just words to convey parts, but patterns, pictures and And carefully they felt its shape schemata to convey the whole. Words must alsobeused (Forall of them were blind). 8 9
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