Map Functions

223 Pages·2017·10.309 MB·English

by  Ewa Krzywicka-Blum

Springer Geography
Ewa Krzywicka-Blum
Map
Functions
Springer Geography
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Ewa Krzywicka-Blum
Map Functions
123
EwaKrzywicka-Blum
DepartmentofGeodesyandGeoinformatics
Wroclaw University of Environmental
andLifeSciences
Wroclaw
Poland
ISSN 2194-315X ISSN 2194-3168 (electronic)
SpringerGeography
ISBN978-3-319-47357-4 ISBN978-3-319-47358-1 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-47358-1
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2016954587
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Contents
1 The Phenomenon of a MAP.... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 1
1.1 Cartography Among Other Sciences... .... .... .... ..... .... 1
1.2 The Subject of Research.... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 6
1.3 The Form of Notation as a Defining Feature
of a Map Function ... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 8
1.3.1 Language, Image, Map ... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 8
1.3.2 Composition in the Artistic and Model Imaging
of Reality .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 9
1.3.3 Perceptual Determinants of the Map Functions. ..... .... 22
References.. .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 36
2 Elements of Map Contents with (0D) Point Reference Units ... .... 41
2.1 Cartographic (Objects/Phenomena) Symbols Characterised
by (0D) Point Reference Units... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 41
2.2 Qualitative Point Symbols .. .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 42
2.2.1 Role of Qualitative Point Symbols in Revealing
Function of Maps as Topological Models. .... ..... .... 42
2.2.2 Role of Qualitative Point Symbols in Revealing
the Functions of Maps as Geometric Models .. ..... .... 44
2.2.3 Distribution of Objects/Phenomena Sets in Point
Reference Units; Distribution Range, Proximity
and Density... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 47
2.3 Dot Symbols.... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 55
2.3.1 Function of Dot Distribution Map, Dot Value.. ..... .... 55
2.3.2 Distribution of Dot Symbols... .... .... .... ..... .... 59
2.3.3 Choropleth and Isoline Maps as Variation Models
of Dot Symbols Density .. .... .... .... .... ..... .... 65
v
vi Contents
2.4 Cartographic Symbols Containing Quantitative Information:
Symbols, Diagrams, Graphs. .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 69
2.4.1 Types of Point-Distributed Quantitative Symbols .... .... 69
2.4.2 Numerical Point Symbols . .... .... .... .... ..... .... 70
References.. .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 84
3 Elements of Map Contents with Linear (1D)
Reference Units. .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 87
3.1 Cartographic Designations of the Objects and Phenomena
with Linear (1D) Reference Units. .... .... .... .... ..... .... 87
3.2 Line Symbol.... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 89
3.2.1 Categories of Objects Represented on General
Geographic Maps and Thematic Maps ... .... ..... .... 89
3.2.2 Model Functions of Line Symbol Systems .... ..... .... 91
3.2.3 Quantitative Characteristics of Line Symbols; Length,
Orientation, Complexity .. .... .... .... .... ..... .... 96
3.3 Linear Spatial Reaches..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 116
3.4 Line Diagrams, Arrows, Vectors, Graphs... .... .... ..... .... 116
3.5 Isolines.... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 118
3.5.1 Isoline Types.. ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 118
3.5.2 Course Relations of Isoline Characteristics
of the Phenomena... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 124
References.. .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 124
4 Content Items of Maps with Surface Reference Units ... ..... .... 127
4.1 Cartographic Symbols (for Objects, Phenomena)
with Surface (2D) Reference Units.... .... .... .... ..... .... 127
4.2 Surface Recognition of Objects, Phenomena and Processes
Characterised by Quality Features .... .... .... .... ..... .... 130
4.2.1 Objects, Phenomena, Processes. .... .... .... ..... .... 130
4.2.2 Distribution of Surface Objects Characterised
by the Qualitative Features .... .... .... .... ..... .... 135
4.3 Surface Recognition of Objects, Phenomena and Processes
Characterised by the Quantitative Features.. .... .... ..... .... 146
4.3.1 The Subject of Modelling, Types and Features
of Renditions.. ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 146
4.3.2 Cartographic Depictions of the Relative Characteristics
of Phenomena. ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 150
4.4 Anamorphic Rendition of the Surface Phenomena
Characterised by Quantitative Features. .... .... .... ..... .... 169
Contents vii
4.5 Structural Renditions of Surface Phenomena
Characterised with Numerically Determined Participation
of Components.. .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 172
4.5.1 The Structural Complexity of Phenomena. .... ..... .... 172
4.5.2 Renditions of the Structure of Multi-featured
Phenomena ... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 173
References.. .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 179
5 Synthetic Structural Characteristics Determining
the Qualificational Divisions of Areas .... .... .... .... ..... .... 183
5.1 Introduction .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 183
5.1.1 Maps as Systems and Models.. .... .... .... ..... .... 183
5.1.2 Taxonomic Divisions of the Multi-feature
Phenomena/Objects.. .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 185
5.1.3 Choice and Normalisation of Features.... .... ..... .... 186
5.2 Similarity of Multi-feature Objects.... .... .... .... ..... .... 189
5.2.1 Similarity of Objects with Alternative Features. ..... .... 189
5.2.2 Similarity of Objects with Contingent Features. ..... .... 191
5.2.3 Similarity of Objects with Size Features.. .... ..... .... 193
5.2.4 Similarity of Objects with Heterogeneous Features... .... 194
5.3 Objects Grouping.... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 197
5.4 Examples .. .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 200
5.4.1 Alternative Features as Determinants of the
Specificity of Regions.... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 200
5.4.2 Contingent Features as Determinants of the Types
of the Processes’ Courses . .... .... .... .... ..... .... 204
References.. .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 207
List of Figures
Figure 1.1 The spiral of spatial knowledge development.
Source Krzywicka-Blum (2006) .... .... .... .... ..... .. 7
Figure 1.2 P. Bruegel: a Winter (The Hunters in the Snow),
b L. Da Vinci—The Virgin and Child with Saint Anne ... .. 11
Figure 1.3 Forest landscape, Hungary, GIM, 2, (2008).... .... ..... .. 21
Figure 1.4 Circular map, characteristics of population,
Arc User (2008) ... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .. 21
Figure 1.5 GPN anamorphic map. Source Tikunov (1994). .... ..... .. 22
Figure 1.6 Map of pre- and post-Carpathian lands for the purposes
of mutual communication (1869, E. Szaraniewicz) .. ..... .. 25
Figure 1.7 System of visual (graphical) variables by Bertin (1967) ... .. 27
Figure 1.8 Colour models: A RGB, B CMY. Source Korycka-Skorupa
J., Kowalski J., Ostrowski W. (2006) Kartograficzne środki
przekazu.In:Wprowadzeniedokartografiiitopografii,red.,
Wyd. Nowa Era, Warszawa.... .... .... .... .... ..... .. 32
Figure 1.9 Incidents: a road accidents during a 6-month period;
b incidents of various kinds, daily records, Source
Arc News (2009)... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .. 35
Figure 2.1 Horses and mules (over 3 months’ old). Source Atlas
of Agriculture of the USA and Canada (1970) . .... ..... .. 42
Figure 2.2 Foot map. Source www.gazetawroclawska.pl (2011). ..... .. 44
Figure 2.3 Part of the map decreased 2.1 times ALEXANDRI
MAGNI EXPEDITIO MACEDONIS taken
from Ortelius’ atlas from 1603 with a network
of triangles. Source Krzywicka-Blum (1994b).. .... ..... .. 46
Figure 2.4 The scale discrepancy model of the western part
of the map: ALEXANDRI MAGNI EXPEDITIO
MACEDONIS taken from Ortelius’ atlas from 1603.
Source Krzywicka-Blum (1994b) ... .... .... .... ..... .. 47
Figure 2.5 Mammals reaching Silesia (R. Haitlinger). Source Atlas
Śląska Dolnego i Opolskiego, ed. W. Pawlak (2008) ..... .. 48
ix
x ListofFigures
Figure 2.6 The distribution of the impoverished gentry during
the interwar period in the Subcarpathian region
according to Plunarowicz. Source http://herbarz.net/
Forumnobilium/mapy%20zoGalicji.htm... .... .... ..... .. 49
Figure 2.7 The density of gentry farmhouses in the Subcarpathian
region during the interwar period (Ł. Szymanek, ed.)..... .. 50
Figure 2.8 The number of windmills in the sub-areas (35 km)
of Poland. .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .. 52
Figure 2.9 The numbers of objects’ density classes (cf. Fig. 2.8)..... .. 52
Figure 2.10 The intensity of windmills distribution in Poland ... ..... .. 53
Figure 2.11 The surface aligned areas of windmill density in Poland... .. 54
Figure 2.12 Density of windmills in Poland—the cartogram
of equally spread classes.. .... .... .... .... .... ..... .. 55
Figure 2.13 Systems of dots on the a–d maps ... .... .... .... ..... .. 60
Figure 2.14 The mass curves of distribution frequency offields in
accordance with density classes of maps: a–d, (Fig. 2.13).. .. 63
Figure 2.15 Choropleth maps of objects density (see the map
c, d , d’ in Fig. 2.13).... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .. 66
1 1
Figure 2.16 Choropleth maps of objects density (see the map
d , d’ in Fig. 2.13). ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .. 67
2 2
Figure 2.17 Choropleth map: The cattle and calf population
in the western states of the USA.... .... .... .... ..... .. 69
Figure 2.18 The isoline map: the cattle and calf population
in the western states of the USA.... .... .... .... ..... .. 70
Figure 2.19 Numeric symbols as height symbols (H a.s.l.)
of surface area points. Source Topographic map (2005) ... .. 71
Figure 2.20 The potential population—sample model.. .... .... ..... .. 73
Figure 2.21 Altitude and vectors; a fragment of 4.8, 6 km,
Eastern Sudetes.... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .. 83
Figure 2.22 Height isogradients, a fragment of 4.8 km × 6 km,
Eastern Sudetes.... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .. 83
Figure 3.1 Human migrations. Source www.gazetawyborcza.pl
(2009) ... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .. 88
Figure 3.2 Bird migration routes and diffusion of avian influenza.
Source ARC NEWS (2009).... .... .... .... .... ..... .. 88
Figure 3.3 Visibility (of the total eclipse of the Sun).
Source Fulle (1990). ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .. 89
Figure 3.4 The natural and anthropogenic elements of environment.
Source a part of a worksheet 2515 (1:25,000, 1988)
of the map of Switzerland. .... .... .... .... .... ..... .. 90
Figure 3.5 The river and the communication system of Wrocław..... .. 91
Figure 3.6 The relative location of cities. Source Krzywicka-Blum
and Mańka (1990).. ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .. 92