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a Pelican Original Political Leaders of the Twentieth Century MAO TSE-TUNG Stuart Schram i v " . • / »* \i J > <a .. f i Pelican Books Political Leaders of the Twentieth Century Mao Tse-tung Stuart R. Schram was bom in Minnesota, U.S.A., in 1924. He took his B.A. at the University of Minnesota in 1944, followed by a Ph.D. in political science at Columbia University in 1954. From 1954 to 1967 he carried out research at the Centre d’Etude des Relations Internationales of the Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques in Paris, where, with Helene Carr&re d’Encausse, he was responsible for the Soviet and Chinese Section. He is now Professor of Politics (with reference to China) in the University of London and Head of the Contemporary China Institute of the School of Oriental and African Studies. In his research he is chiefly interested in the role of ideology in politics, especially in Communist countries, and in the history of Leninist theories together with their application by the Communist movement in Asia. Professor Schram has also published Le Marxisme et I’Asie, 1853- 1964 (with Helene Carrere d’Encausse), and The Political Thought of Mao Tse-tung. Apart from his research. Professor Schram is interested in music, poetry, the theatre and nature. r-S ».•**» v ; vn Political Leaders of the Twentieth Century Mao Tse-tung Stuart Schram With 29 plates Penguin Books Penguin Books Ltd, Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England Penguin Books Inc., 7110 Ambassador Road, Baltimore, Maryland 21207, U.S.A. Penguin Books Australia Ltd, Ringwood, Victoria, Australia First published 1966 Reprinted (with revisions) 1967 Reprinted 1968, 1969, 1970 Made and printed in Great Britain by Hazell Watson & Viney Ltd Aylesbury, Bucks Set in Monotype Times This book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, re-sold, hired out, or otherwise circulated without the publisher’s prior consent in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition ^ including this condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser Contents Acknowledgements 9 Introduction 15 1 The World of Mao’s Boyhood 19 2 Student Days in Changsha 29 3 Mao Tse-tung at the Time of the May 4th Movement 47 4 The Beginnings of the Chinese Communist Party 60 5 Collaboration with the Kuomintang 72 6 The Years in the Wilderness 106 7 From Kiangsi to Yenan 146 8 The Struggle on Two Fronts 192 9 The Foundation of the Chinese People’s Republic 249 10 In Search of a Chinese Way 277 Conclusion 311 Index 351 MAPS China Today 12-13 The Third Encirclement Campaign 163 Routes of the Long March, October 1934-October 1936 (from The Long March, Foreign Languages Press, Peking, 1965) 178-9 List of Plates 1 Mao Tse-tung about 1919 2 Mao Tse-tung at the time of his election to the Central Committee of the CCP 3 and 4 Sites of the first and last sessions of the First Congress of the CCP 5 Ts’ai Ho-sen 6 Li Ta-chao 7 The Peasant Movement Training Institute 8 and 9 Early collaboration between the CCP and the KMT 10 and 11 The Long March 12 Mao outside the Anti-Japanese Military and Political University in Yenan (Radio Times Hulton Picture Library) 13 Mao and Chu Te during the civil war (Camera Press Ltd) 14 Cover of Songs to the Glory of Mao Tse-tung 15 Mao proclaiming the establishment of the Chinese People’s Republic 16 Mao and Voroshilov (The John Hillelson Agency Ltd) 17 Mao with Khrushchev (Keystone Press Agency Ltd) 18 Mao talking to a peasant 19 Mao and other leaders receive workers in Peking (iCamera Press Ltd) 20 Workers building the Ming Tombs Dam (The John Hillelson Agency Ltd) 21 Women of the Shiu Shin Commune at work (The John Hillelson Agency Ltd) 22 Children in a kindergarten (The John Hillelson Agency Ltd) 23 Mao and students (United Press International (UK) Ltd) 24 Mao exchanges greetings with Asian and African writers (Camera Press Ltd) 25 Mao with a Russian delegation (The John Hillelson Agency Ltd) 26 Mao with Ho Chi Minh, 1959 (The John Hillelson Agency Ltd) 8 List of Plates , 27 Holiday float depicts Mao and Ho Chi Minh (iCamera Press Ltd) 28 Mao, his wife, and Mme Sukarno (Camera Press Ltd) 29 Mao and Chou En-lai (Camera Press Ltd)