MRNY-BOOY THEORY OF MOLECULES, CLUSTERS, RNO CONDENSED PHRSES World Scientific Series in 20th Century Physics Vol. 22 A Quest for Symmetry - Selected Works of Bunji Sakita edited by K. Kikkawa, M. Virasoro and S. R. Wadia Vol. 23 Selected Papers of Kun Huang (with Commentary) edited by B.-F. Zhu Vol. 24 Subnuclear Physics - The First 50 Years: Highlights from Erice to ELN by A. Zichichi edited by O. Barnabei, P. Pupillo and F. Roversi Monaco Vol. 25 The Creation of Quantum Chromodynamics and the Effective Energy by V. N. Gribov, G. 't Hooft, G. Veneziano and V. F. Weisskopf edited by L. N. Lipatov Vol. 26 A Quantum Legacy - Seminal Papers of Julian Schwinger edited by K. A. Milton Vol. 27 Selected Papers of Richard Feynman (with Commentary) edited by L. M. Brown Vol. 28 The Legacy of Leon Van Hove edited by A. Giovannini Vol. 29 Selected Works of Emil Wolf (with Commentary) edited by E. Wolf Vol. 30 Selected Papers of J. Robert Schrieffer - In Celebration of His 70th Birthday edited by N. E. Bonesteel and L. P. Gor'kov Vol. 31 From the Preshower to the New Technologies for Supercolliders - In Honour of Antonino Zichichi edited by B. H. Wiik, A. Wagner and H. Wenninger Vol. 32 In Conclusion - A Collection of Summary Talks in High Energy Physics edited by J. D. Bjorken Vol. 33 Formation and Evolution of Black Holes in the Galaxy - Selected Papers with Commentary edited by H. A. Bethe, G. E. Brown and C.-H. Lee Vol. 35 A Career in Theoretical Physics, 2nd Edition by P. W. Anderson Vol. 36 Selected Papers (1945-1980) with Commentary by Chen Ning Yang Vol. 37 Adventures in Theoretical Physics - Selected Papers with Commentaries by Stephen L. Adler Vol. 38 Matter Particled - Patterns, Structure and Dynamics - Selected Research Papers of Yuval Ne'eman edited by R. Ruffini and Y. Verbin Vol. 39 Searching for the Superworld - A Volume in Honour of Antonino Zichichi on the Occasion of the Sixth Centenary Celebrations of the University of Turin, Italy edited by S. Ferrara and R. M. Mossbauer Vol. 40 Murray Gell-Mann - Selected papers edited by H. Fritzsch Vol. 41 Many-Body Theory of Molecules, Clusters, and Condensed Phases edited by N. H. March and G. G. N. Angi/ella For information on vols. 1-21, please visit http://www.worldscibooks.comlseries/wsscp_series.shtml Vol. 41 World Scientific Series in 20th Century Physics MRNY-BODY THEORY OF MOLECULES, CLUSTERS, RND CONDENSED PHRSES editors N. H. March Oxford University, UK & University ofA ntwerp, Belgium G. G. N. Angilella Universita di Catania, CNISM & INFN, Italy ,~ World Scientific NEW JERSEY· LONDON· SINGAPORE· BEIJING. SHANGHAI· HONG KONG· TAIPEI· CHENNAI Published by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. 5 Toh Tuck Link, Singapore 596224 USA office: 27 Warren Street, Suite 401-402, Hackensack, NJ 07601 UK office: 57 Shelton Street, Covent Garden, London WC2H 9HE British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. MANY-BODY THEORY OF MOLECULES, CLUSTERS, AND CONDENSED PHASES World Scientific Series in 20th Century Physics - 41 Copyright © 2010 by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to be invented, without written permission from the Publisher. For photocopying of material in this volume, please pay a copying fee through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. In this case permission to photocopy is not required from the publisher. ISBN-13 978-981-4271-77-6 ISBN-1O 981-4271-77-2 Printed in Singapore by B & JO Enterprise v Contents Part 1: Quantal electron crystals [1] N. H. March, Kinetic and potential energies of an electron gas, Phys. Rev. 110, 604-605 (1958). 1 © Copyright permission paid to the American Physical Society on 2009-01-02. [2] N. H. March and W. H. Young, Probability density of electron separation in a uniform electron gas, Phil. Mag. 4, 384-389 (1959). 3 © Copyright permission obtained from Taylor & Francis. [3] W. H. Young and N. H. March, A density matrix approach to correlation in a uniform electron gas, Proc. R. Soc. A 256, 62-80 (1960). 9 © Copyright permission obtained by The Royal Society. [4] J. Durkan, R. J. Elliott, and N. H. March, Localization of electrons in impure semiconductors by a magnetic field, Rev. Mod. Phys. 40, 812-815 (1968). 28 © Copyright permission paid to the American Physical Society on 2009-01-02. [5] C. M. Care and N. H. March, Electrical conduction in the Wigner lattice in n type InSb in a magnetic field, J. Phys. C 4, L372-376 (1971). 32 © Copyright permission obtained from loP on 2008-09-24. [6] C. M. Care and N. H. March, Electron crystallization, Adv. Phys. 24, 101-116 (1975). 37 © Copyright permission obtained from Taylor & Francis. [7] M. Parrinello and N. H. March, Thermodynamics of Wigner crystallization, J. Phys. C 9, L147-150 (1976). 53 © Copyright permission obtained from loP on 2008-09-24. VI [8] N. H. March, M. Suzuki, and M. Parrinello, Phenomenological theory of first- and second-order metal-insulator transitions at absolute zero, Phys. Rev. B 19, 2027-2029 (1979). 57 © Copyright permission paid to the American Physical Society on 2009-01-02. [9] F. Herman and N. H. March, Cooperative magnetism in metallic jellium and in the insulating Wigner electron crystal, Sol. State Commun. 50, 725-728 (1984). 60 © Copyright permission obtained by Elsevier. [10] M. J. Lea and N. H. March, Quantum-mechanical Wigner electron crystallization with and without magnetic fields, Int. J. Quantum Chern. Symposium 23, 717-729 (1989). 64 © Copyright permission obtained from John Wiley & Sons, Inc. [11] M. J. Lea and N. H. March, The electron liquid-solid phase transition in two dimensions in a magnetic field, Phys. Chern. Liquids 21, 183-193 (1990). 77 © Copyright permission obtained from Taylor & Francis. [12] M. J. Lea and N. H. March, The shear modulus and the phase diagram for two-dimensional Wigner electron crystals, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 3, 3493-3503 (1991). 88 © Copyright permission obtained from loP on 2008-09-24. [13] M. J. Lea, N. H. March, and W. Sung, Thermodynamics of melting of a two-dimensional Wigner electron crystal, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 3, L4301-4306 (1991). 99 © Copyright permission obtained from loP on 2008-09-24. [14] N. H. March, B. V. Paranjape, and F. Siringo, Can the hole liquid undergo Wigner crystallization in high-Tc La2-xSrx CU04 at low density? Phys. Chern. Liquids 24, 131-135 (1991). 105 © Copyright permission obtained from Taylor & Francis. vii [15] F. Siringo, M. J. Lea, and N. H. March, Self-consistent force constant calculation for a two-dimensional Wigner electron crystal in high magnetic fields, and limitations of Lindemann's Law of melting, Phys. Chern. Liquids 23, 115-121 (1991). 110 © Copyright permission obtained from Taylor & Francis. [16] A. Holas and N. H. March, Remnants of the Fermi surface in the Wigner electron crystal phase of a strongly interacting one-dimensional system, Phys. Lett. A 157, 160-162 (1991). 117 © Copyright permission obtained by Elsevier. [17] M. J. L2a, N. H. March, and W. Sung, Melting of Wigner electron crystals: phenomenology and anyon magnetism, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 4, 5263-5272 (1992). 120 © Copyright permission obtained from loP on 2008-09-24. [18] N. H. March, Melting of a magnetically induced Wigner electron solid and anyon properties, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 5, B149-156 (1993). 130 © Copyright permission obtained from loP on 2008-09-24. [19] G. Senatore and N. H. March, Recent progress in the field of electron correlation, Rev. Mod. Phys. 66, 445-479 (1994). 138 © Copyright permission paid to the American Physical Society on 2009-01-02. [20] N. H. March, Thermodynamics of the equilibrium between a fractional quantum Hall liquid and a Wigner electron solid, Phys. Chern. Liquids 38, 151-154 (2000). 173 © Copyright permission obtained from Taylor & Francis. [21] R. H. Squire and N. H. March, Fulleride superconductivity compared and contrasted with RVB theory of high Tc cup rates, Int. J. Quantum Chern. 100,1092-1103 (2004). 177 © Copyright permission obtained from John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Vlll [22] N. H. March and R. H. Squire, Fingerprints of quantal Wigner solid-like correlations in D-dimensional assemblies, Phys. Lett. A 346, 355-358 (2005). 189 © Copyright permission obtained by Elsevier. [23] F. Claro, A. Cabo, and N. H. March, On the phase diagram of a two-dimensional electron gas near integer fillings and fractions such as 1/5 and 1/7, Phys. Stat. Sol. (b) 242, 1817-1819 (2005). 193 © Copyright permission obtained from John Wiley & Sons, Inc. [24] P. Capuzzi, N. H. March, and M. P. Tosi, Wigner bosonic molecules with repulsive interactions and harmonic confinement, Phys. Lett. A 339, 207-211 (2005). 196 © Copyright permission obtained by Elsevier. [25] N. H. March, A. Cabo, and F. Claro, Phase diagram of two-dimensional electron gas in a perpendicular magnetic field around Landau level filling factors 1/ = 1 and 3, Phys. Lett. A 349, 271-275 (2006). 201 © Copyright permission obtained by Elsevier. [26] N. H. March, Quantum statistics of charged particles and fingerprints of Wigner crystallization in D dimensions, Int. J. Quantum Chern. 106, 3032-3042 (2006). 206 © Copyright permission obtained from John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Part 2: Structure, forces and electronic correlation functions in liquid metals Part 2a. Nuclear structure factor and pair potentials in some sp liquid metals [1] T. Gaskell and N. H. March, Electronic momentum distribution in liquid metals and long-range oscillatory interactions between ions, Phys. Lett. 7, 169-170 (1963). 217 © Copyright permission obtained by Elsevier. IX [2] M. D. Johnson and N. H. March, Long-range oscillatory interaction between ions in liquid metals, Phys. Lett. 3, 313-314 (1963). 219 © Copyright permission obtained by Elsevier. [3] J. Worster and N. H. March, Interaction energies between defects in metals, J. Phys. Chern. Solids 24, 1305-1308 (1963). 221 © Copyright permission obtained by Elsevier. [4] J. E. Enderby and N. H. March, Interatomic forces and the structure of liquids, Adv. Phys. 14,453-477 (1965). 225 © Copyright permission obtained from Taylor & Francis. [5] C. C. Matthai and N. H. March, Small angle scattering from liquids: van der Waals forces in argon and collective mode in N a, Phys. Chern. Liquids 11, 207-217 (1982). 250 © Copyright permission obtained from Taylor & Francis. [6] 1. Ebbsjo, G. G. Robinson, and N. H. March, Structure and forces in simple liquid metals, Phys. Chern. Liquids 13, 65-73 (1983). 261 © Copyright permission obtained from Taylor & Francis. [7] A. B. Bhatia and N. H. March, Properties of liquid direct correlation function at melting temperature related to vacancy formation energy in condensed phases of rare gases, J. Chern. Phys. 80, 2076-2078 (1984). 270 © Copyright permission obtained from the American Institute of Physics. [8] A. B. Bhatia and N. H. March, Relation between principal peak height, position and width of structure factor in dense monatomic liquids, Phys. Chern. Liquids 13, 313-316 (1984). 273 © Copyright permission obtained from Taylor & Francis. [9] N. H. March, Electron correlation, chemical bonding and the metal-insulator transition in expanded fluid alkalis, Phys. Chern. Liquids 20, 241-245 (1989). 277 © Copyright permission obtained from Taylor & Francis.