Manufacturing & Distribution USA: Industry Analyses, Statistics and Leading Companies (Manufacturing and Distribution USA)

2499 Pages·2006·27.16 MB·English

by  Arsen J. Darney

� � � � � � � � � � � � �
� � � � � � � � � � � �
� ��������������� ��������
� � �
������ �������
�������� ���������
���������� ��� ������� ���������
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Volume I
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxi
Overview of Content and Sources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxvii
Part I - Manufacturing by Annual Survey of Manufactures’ NAICS Code, NAICS 311111-33211P. . . . . 1
Volume II
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxi
Overview of Content and Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxvii
Part I - Manufacturing by Annual Survey of Manufactures’ NAICS Code, NAICS 33221N-339999 . . . 885
Volume III
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxi
Overview of Content and Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxvii
Part II - Manufacturing by NAICS Code, NAICS 423110-454390 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1757
Indexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2233
NAICS Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2235
Product/Activity Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2245
Company Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2289
Appendices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2443
ASM NAICS to 2002 NAICS Conversion Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2445
2002 NAICS to ASM NAICS Conversion Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2453
v
Preface
Manufacturing: The Big Picture
This section will provide an overview of the U.S. manufacturing sector. This will serve as
the “big picture” of which the individual NAICS chapters are distinct views. In this sec-
tion, the focus will be on changes between 1982 and 2004.
In recent years an important subject of political debate has been the loss of U.S. manu-
facturing jobs. Manufacturing jobs have long been considered one of the highest paying
sources of income, especially for those who do not have an advanced college degree. Ac-
cording to the U.S. Census Bureau, 72.3 percent of the population 25 years old and over
had less than a bachelor’s degree in 2004. Manufacturing jobs have been and continue to
be outsourced to countries such as Mexico and China. Some consider this a signal of an
economy in transition. Just as in the 19th century our economy switched from agrarian to
industrial, the 20th century ushered in a transition from an economy based on manufactur-
ing to one based on services and increasingly one based on high tech services. However,
in the 21st century, information technology jobs, such as those held by computer program-
mers and analysts, were also being outsourced to foreign countries.
Those in favor of outsourcing argue that despite the loss of manufacturing jobs, the manu-
facturing sector and the economy as a whole are prospering. Productivity has been on the
rise. A workforce with high skills using more advanced production processes allows in-
dustries to produce more product with fewer workers. Other sectors of the economy have
been expanding. The overall unemployment rate declined in the past 23 years. Foreign in-
vestment in U.S. manufacturing now surpasses U.S. investment in manufacturing abroad.
Those opposed to outsourcing argue that the jobs created in the last 23 years do not pay
as well as the manufacturing jobs that have been lost. The trade defi cit continues to rise.
Despite numerous free trade agreements, exports have not kept pace with imports. Many
see the importing of goods, especially goods needed for national defense, as a dangerous
trend.
In this section we will state the facts as they are reported in national statistics. The policy
implications, of course, must be drawn by those charged with setting the nation’s eco-
nomic course.
vii
Preface Manufacturing and Distribution USA, 4th Edition
Data in the section entitled Issues in Manufacturing are drawn from government as well as
non-governmental sources. All other data are drawn from fi ve economic censuses. These
are surveys of nearly all manufacturing establishments. Also included are data from the
most recent Annual Survey of Manufactures (ASM), which is a partial sampling of in-
dustrial activity and not at the same level of precision as the other years. Gross Domestic
Product (GDP) data have been taken from the Bureau of Economic Analysis website (http:
//www.bea.gov/).
Prior to 1997, data were classifi ed using Standard Industrial Classifi cation (SIC) coding.
In 1997, data were reclassifi ed using the North American Industrial Classifi cation System
(NAICS). As a result of this reclassifi cation, 259 new industries were created by merging
two or more parts of SIC coded industries; 214 industries remained unchanged after this
transition. However, this was not the fi rst reclassifi cation of industries. In 1987, the SIC
coding system underwent a change from the 1972 SIC coding. As a result, data prior to
1987 for 35 of the 214 industries taken over without changes to the NAICS system only
provide comparable data back to 1987.
In 2003 the U.S. Census Bureau made another important change in how it collects and
reports data in the Annual Survey of Manufacturers. Starting in 2003, the ASM no longer
reports on all 6 digit NAICS manufacturing industries. Instead a subset of the total has
been created by the Census Bureau and it is this subset on which it reports in the ASM.
This change refl ects the shrinking of U.S. manufacturing.
In preparing MDUSA the editors have done a great deal of work to restructure this title so
that it adheres to the new, shorter ASM industry list. The ASM industry list contains 6 digit
NAICS industries as well as industries made up of two or more 6 digit NAICS industries.
For any ASM industry that is a combination of 6 digit NAICS industries, a new code is
used. The new ASM code is a 5 digit number and a letter. Whenever such a new industry
code is presented in this work, a list is provided for the user of the component NAICS in-
dustries that are covered by the new single ASM NAICS code. In addition, two new appen-
dices are proivded, one that offers a conversion from ASM NAICS codes to 2002 NAICS
codes and the other providing a look-up guide in the other direction—2002 NAICS codes
to ASM NAICS codes.
Of the 322 manufacturing industries presented in this work, 234 are “straight” 6 digit
NAICS industries and 88 are new ASM industries (industries made up of more than one 6
digit NAICS industry).
When discussing the manufacturing sector as a whole, all 322 ASM industries are included
in the statistics. Only the 137 ASM industries for which historical data are available are
included when details about the manufacturing sector are discussed.
Sources for the graphics in this section are listed under Graphics Sources. An annotated
source list follows.
viii
Manufacturing and Distribution USA, 4th Edition Preface
The General State of Manufacturing
Figure 1. The Importance of Manufacturing to the U.S. Economy, 1947-2004
50
45
P
D
G 40
e of 35
g
nta 30
e
erc 25
P
s 20
a
d
e 15
d
d
e A 10
u
al 5
V
0
A fgirischiulntgu,r ea, nfdo rheustnrtiy,n g Mining Utilitie s Construct i o n Manufact u r i ngWholesale trad e Reta i l t r aT dr eawnasrpeohrtoautisionn g a n F di n r a e nIntcnfael,o, rianmnsaduti rloaennacsie,n rgeal estate, Services Government
Industry
Manufacturing continues to slip in overall importance in the economy. As a percentage of
Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Manufacturing, in terms of value added by labor, went
from 25.6 percent in 1947 to 12.1 percent of GDP in 2004, a decline of more than 13.5
percent. Nearly half of that decline occurred in the years 1982 to 2004. In 1982, manufac-
turing was nearly 19 percent of GDP; in 2004, 12.1 percent. The slippage in share of GDP
suggests that other sectors of the economy have been expanding more rapidly.
As Figure 1 shows, in the post-World War II era, the Service sector expanded the most
rapidly (a 14.0 percent gain), followed by Finance, Insurance, Real Estate, Rental, and
Leasing (+10.1 percent) and Information (+2.1 percent). From 1982 to 2004, the gains in
these industries were 7.2 percent, 4.0 percent, and 0.8 percent, respectively. The year 1986
was pivitol, it was the fi rst year that the Service sector surpassed the Manufacturing sector
as the largest sector in the economy. By 2004, in terms of value added, Services and Fi-
nance, Insurance, Real Estate, Rental, and Leasing each outperformed Manufacturing by
a ratio of nearly 2 to 1. Gross domestic product value of Services was $2.7 trillion. Fi-
nance, Insurance, Real Estate, Rental, and Leasing GDP was $2.4 trillion. Manufacturing
GDP was $1.4 trillion.
Note, however, that Manufacturing—along with agriculture, forestry, mining, transporta-
tion, and construction—are basic economic activities. All other sectors depend upon these.
ix
Preface Manufacturing and Distribution USA, 4th Edition
Therefore, the expansion of the services sector is in a real sense enabled by the productiv-
ity of these basic sectors.
Manufacturing employment, as a percentage of total nonagricultural employment, de-
clined from 18.5 percent in 1982 to 9.8 percent in 2004. Total employment in the economy
increased. Manufacturing employment shrank by more than 4.4 million jobs, from 17.8
million in 1982 to 13.4 million in 2004.
Manufacturing output, measured in dollars, grew in the 1982 to 2004 period—but at a
lower rate than GDP. Output per employee increased 189.3 percent in the period, compen-
sation per employee increased by 121.7 percent.
Value added represents the labor contribution to this sector of the economy, which is aided
by machines. Value added represents the value of shipments less the cost of materials, sup-
plies, containers, fuel, purchased electrical power, and contract work and other services
purchased. Part of capital investment includes investment in more effi cient machinery al-
lowing a worker to make more product in the same amount of time. From 1982 to 2004,
growth in value added per employee (227.7 percent) was greater than growth in capital
investment per employee (98.6 percent). This shows that technology played an important
role in the manufacturing sector during this time period.
Indicators of Manufacturing
Establishments. Despite the decline in employment, the total number of manufacturing
establishments increased from 348,000 in 1982 to 350,000 in 2002. Establishment counts
in 2003 (last available year) were down from the 2002 level, but establishment data for
non-census years come from the County Business Patterns, a statistical data collection
system based on sampling rather than, as in census years, 100 percent reporting by manu-
facturers.
Employment. Manufacturing employment showed a decline in 2004 from 1982 (see
Figure 2). Manufacturing employed more than 17.8 million people in 1982 and more than
13.4 million people in 2004. Manufacturing employment as a percentage of the total labor
force dropped from 18.5 percent in 1982 to 9.8 percent in 2004 (nonagricultural payrolls).
In the period 1982 to 2004, the total labor force rose 42.5 percent and manufacturing em-
ployment dropped by 24.8 percent.
Hourly production employment, representing most manufacturing jobs, decreased at a
lower rate (24.5 percent) than employment of administrative, sales, and technical forces (a
decline of 25.3 percent), in the 1982 to 2004 period. The latter segment is relatively small
and is also most subject to “outsourcing”—as, for instance, by purchasing contract ser-
vices such as payroll support, computer support, and engineering services. The numbers
suggest that corporate “downsizing” is continuing to show up in manufacturing statistics.
This is the more probable because production labor actually increased from 1992 to 1997
while the administrative, sales, and technical segment continued to lose ground.
x
Manufacturing and Distribution USA, 4th Edition Preface
Figure 2. Employment in the Manufacturing Sector, 1982-2004
20,000,000
Loss of 4,413,808 manufacturing jobs between 1982 an d 2004;
17,818,100 80.2% of the 4.4 million were lost between 1999 and 2004.
18,000,000
16,000,000
14,000,000 Loss of 3,043,480 production (hourly) worker jobs between 1982 and 2004;
93.1% of the 3.0 million were lost between 1999 and 2004.
13,404,292
12,000,000
12,400,600
All employees
10,000,000 Production (hourly) workers
Admin/tech/sales workers
9,357,120
8,000,000
Loss of 1,370,328 admin/tech/sales worker jobs between 1982 and 2004;
51.7% of the 1.3 million were lost between 1999 and 2004.
6,000,000 5,417,500
4,000,000
4,047,172
2,000,000
0
19821983198419851986198719881989199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001200220032004
Years
The picture was not so bleak for all industries in the manufacturing sector. Despite the de-
cline in hourly production worker employment throughout the manufacturing sector, some
industries gained hourly production worker jobs. Table 1 lists the employment gains and
losses for the 137 unchanged ASM NAICS industries by major industrial category.
Table 1. Hourly Production Worker Employment Gains and Losses in Unchanged ASM NAICS
Industries, 1987-2004
Industry category Number Number Net job
of hourly of hourly effect,
production production 1987-2004
worker jobs worker jobs
gained 1987- lost 1987-
2004 2004
Apparel manufacturing NA NA NA
Beverage and tobacco product manufacturing 10,900 15,700 -4,800
Chemical manufacturing 24,800 51,400 -26,600
Computer and electronic product manufacturing 63,400 253,800 -190,400
Electrical equipment, appliance, and component manufacturing 65,500 132,100 -66,600
Fabricated metal product manufacturing 38,700 70,900 -32,200
Food manufacturing 19,100 28,200 -9,100
Furniture and related product manufacturing 38,100 80,800 -42,700
Leather and allied product manufacturing 0 57,200 -57,200
Machinery manufacturing 27,400 63,700 -36,300
Nonmetallic mineral product manufacturing 34,800 79,300 -44,500
xi
Preface Manufacturing and Distribution USA, 4th Edition
Table 1. Hourly Production Worker Employment Gains and Losses in Unchanged ASM NAICS
Industries, 1987-2004 [continued]
Industry category Number Number Net job
of hourly of hourly effect,
production production 1987-2004
worker jobs worker jobs
gained lost
1987-2004 1987-2004
Paper manufacturing 22,800 55,100 -32,300
Petroleum and coal products manufacturing 2,400 18,200 -15,800
Plastics and rubber products manufacturing 29,000 30,400 -1,400
Primary metal manufacturing 34,000 55,900 -21,400
Printing and related support activities NA NA NA
Textile mills NA NA NA
Textile product mills NA NA NA
Transportation equipment manufacturing 38,100 230,600 -192,500
Wood product manufacturing 42,900 57,500 -14,600
Miscellaneous manufacturing 56,600 55,800 +800
Total 549,000 1,336,600 -787,600
Note: NA: historical data are not available because the Annual Survey of Manufactures’ NAICS codes combine both unchanged industries
and new industries within these categories.
Miscellaneous Manufacturing was the only industry category to gain hourly production
workers (800 net jobs) during this period. In contrast, the types of industries that lost the
most hourly production workers were Transportation Equipment Manufacturing (192,500
net jobs), Computer and Electronic Product Manufacturing (190,400 net jobs), and Elec-
trical Equipment, Appliance, and Component Manufacturing (66,600 net jobs). Table 2
shows the top 5 industries that gained production workers and the top 5 industries that lost
production workers.
Table 2. Top 5 Unchanged ASM NAICS Industries With Hourly Production Worker Gains in
Employment and Top 5 Unchanged ASM NAICS Industries With Hourly Production
Worker Losses in Employment, 1987-2004
NAICS Industry description Number of NAICS Industry description Number of
employees employees
332721 Precision turned product manufacturing 21,500 336411 Aircraft manufacturing -58,600
327991 Cut stone and stone product manufac- 6,900 31621M Footwear manufacturing -57,200
turing
336213 Motor home manufacturing 6,900 336414 Guided missile and space vehicle -47,500
manufacturing
327320 Ready-mix concrete manufacturing 6,500 334111 Electronic computer manufacturing -42,600
321991 Manufactured home (mobile home) 5,700 336412 Aircraft engine and engine parts -42,300
manufacturing manufacturing
339950 Sign manufacturing 5,700
326160 Plastics bottle manufacturing 4,900
Compensation. Aggregate compensation levels rose 66.8 percent from 1982 to 2004.
Salaries rose faster than hourly wages overall. Compensation in industries with available
historical data grew 28.3 percent.
xii
Manufacturing and Distribution USA, 4th Edition Preface
As shown in Figure 3, average yearly
income in the manufacturing sector Figure 3. Average Yearly Income, All Employees,
1982-2004
outpaced the average yearly income
of the civilian workforce in general. 50,000
This gap widened between 1982 and 45,000
40,000
2004. In 1982, the average manufac- s
ar 35,000
turing worker made $4,900 more a Doll 30,000
year than the average civilian worker. S. 25,000
U. 20,000
In 2004, the average manufacturing
15,000
worker made $15,000 more a year. 10,000
5,000
0
During the 1987 to 2004 period,
1982 1987 1992 1997 2002 2004
the yearly wages of hourly produc-
Manufacturing, all industries
tion workers in the unchanged ASM Manufacturing, unchanged ASM NAICS
Manufacturing, new ASM NAICS
NAICS industries were higher than
Civilian workforce
the average hourly production worker
overall. The same holds true for the
yearly salaries of administrative/
technical/sales workers (see Table 3).
From 1982 to 2004, aggregate hourly wages increased at a lower rate than value of
shipments. However, aggregate administrative/technical/sales salaries increased at a
higher rate than value of shipments. Aggregate hourly wages increased by 114.8 percent.
Administrative/technical/sales salaries increased by 132.7 percent and value of shipments
increased by 117.6 percent.
Table 3. Employee Compensation, 1982-2004
[Data in dollars per year. Numbers in bold show the highest values per category.]
1982 1987 1992 1997 2002 2004 Growth (%) Growth (%)
1982-2004 1987-2004
All employees
All industries $19,161 $24,183 $29,153 $33,907 $39,217 42,480 121.7 75.6
Unchanged ASM NAICS - 26,792 32,389 37,154 42,599 46,568 - 73.8
industries
New ASM NAICS - 32,605 37,800 41,029 - -
industries
Hourly production worker wages
All industries 16,514 20,476 24,185 28,036 32,598 35,468 114.8 73.2
Unchanged ASM NAICS - 22,551 26,567 30,569 35,349 38,655 71.4
industries
New ASM NAICS - 27,120 31,437 34,375
industries
Administrative, technical, and sales employee salaries
All industries 25,218 32,557 40,047 48,850 54,937 58,691 132.7 80.3
Unchanged ASM NAICS - 35,376 43,757 51,874 58,202 63,305 78.9
industries
New ASM NAICS - 47,278 53,405 56,926
industries
xiii