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Manuale di linguistica e di grammatica italiana PDF

566 Pages·2019·17.428 MB·Italian
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MichePlrea ndi CristiDaenS aa ntis MANUALED IL INGUISTICA E DGIR AMMATICA ITALIANA � U�t�T ET www.utetuniversita.it Proprielteàt terrairsiear vata © 201D9eA gsotiniS cuoSlpaA N-ovara l'edizifoenbeb:r a2i0o1 9 PrinitnJte adl y Inc oeprtina:i Stock GrafiMcaor:Fc ioo rMealttlReooos, s i ArtD irectNor :a daeistr ia M Tutitd ii rirtitsie rNveastsiu.pn aart e mdaetle rpiraoltee dtaqt uoe sctoop yrigphotte rsàs ere ripordo-ttai na lcufnoarm as enza l'autosrciriztztaaz idoenlel 'Editore. Fotocopiep eru sop ersondaellle e ttpoorses oensos eerefe fttuaten eil imidteil1 5%di ciascvuonl ume/fasdicp iecroiloodd iiceotp raog ameanlltao SIdeAlcE om penpsreov isdatlol '.art 68o,m -mca4 d,e llleag 2ge2a p rile1 9n4.61 3 3. Le riproduzinioa du sdoif ferdeaqn uteelp leor sonpaolter aanvnevoni er,p eurn n umerdoipa gine nons uperiaolr1 e5 d%e plr esevnotleu me/fasscoilacos oe gluiot,od is peciafiuctao rizzazione rilasdcaiC aLtEaAR ediC,e ntrLoi cenez Aeu otrizazzionipe rl eR iproduzEidointioli ri,a Corsdoi P ortaR omaln0 a8,- 20M1il2a2-ne o- [email protected] StamMpiac:rog r-aMfa ppan(oT O) Ristampeo: l 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Anno: 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Inidce n'V Intrioodnuez n'IX Preme-sLsag arammatirceag:o els ec elstter,u tetfu unrzei oni 3 PARTSuEl lsIao -gldieal lgar ammatiics ae:g nlia,c omunica­ zionlee,n ormee g luis i 5 Capitl-o Ulno m ondod is egni 5 11. Chec os'uèns egno 6 1.2T ipdii s egni 7 1.3I s egndie lllai ngcuoam es imboli 8 1.4I s egnlii nguiesg tliiicn id idciiff:e renze 1.4.G1l iin diicdie ntifiocgagneot ist eig,n iis tituisccoonncoe tti, p.9 -1.4G.l2iin dicis onmoo tiv,ai t isesgonniao r bitpr.al r iO, Il 15. Lei coneeg liin dinceil llai ngeun ae llcao municazione 1.5.1 Iconnee lllai ngeu nae it estpi.I, l - 1.5.I2n dinceil la lingupa.1, 3 - 1.5.E3s presscioomneii ndidciim essaglgai : comunicazpi.o1 n3e, I5 16. L'interpretdaezmlie osnsea ggio 1.6.L1ei nfereen izlce a mpod ii nterpretpa.z1 i5o- n1e.,6 .2 Lar elazicoonmep letsrssaai gnifiec maetsis agpg.i , 17 19 Capit2o-Llaol ingua ittarnlaoi ramneaau si 192 .1I lc oncetdtino o nna 2.1.L1a g rammatcicoam ef ormad ic anonizzazpi.2o 1n- e, Unan orma movimenpt.o2 ,4 2.1.2 in 25 2.2C omec ambilaal ingula':i nnovaezl i'oenrer ore Fattoirnit erndiic ambiamento: undiifsotrmiintzài,o ne, 2.2.1 economriiad,o ndaenszpar,e sspi.v ità, Fatteosrtie rni 29-2.2.2 dic ambiamenatuot:o rpiotlài,t icacmoerrnetteit nofl,u sdsiai l ­ trlei ngou dei alept.3t i0, VI Indice 33 2.3L 'architedtetulrla' italiano contemporaneo 2.3.S1t andanredo,s tandsaurbds,t andpa.r d, Glii ta­ 35,2 .3.2 liarneig ionali, p.3 9 2.4L ap rospetsttiovrais cian:t aest seis tuaileireti oà g gi 41 51 PartIe-I L af ormai nterdneal llian gua 53P remessa 55C apit3o-lDoa llpaa rted els ignificainlpt aetr:i mondiiso u oni dell'iot alian 55 3.1 fonemi I 563 .2L 'articoladzeisiou noen i 583 3. Lev ocaell ie c onsonanti 3.3.Le1v ocapl.i5 ,9- 3.3.2L es emivoc(aosl eim iconsonanti), p.6 1- 33.3. Lec onsonapn.t6 i2, 663 4. Is uondie ll'itallafui naznioo:nd ei stintiva 67 3.5P ronunecg iraa fidae ll'italiano Las critdteusir uao nli':a lfabe6t7-o,3 5..2I lp atrimo­ 3.5.1 p. nioc omuneel ed ifferernezgei onal7i0, p. 73C aiptolDoa lla pdaerlst ieg nificadnatlel:a saillll'aebnau n­ 4- ciato 734 .1L as truttduerlalsa i llaba 754 .2L ap aroell a' accento 4.2.S1e ded ell'acce7n5t- o4,. 2.P2a roalteo neen:c liet ici p. proclipt.i7 c6i , 764 3 Incondtirp ia role . 4.3.T1o gliesrueo neil:i sieo tnreo ncamepn.t7 o7-, 4 .3.A2g ­ giungesrueo ni,7 7 p. 784 .4F onolodgeilal 'enunlc'iianttoo:n azione 4.4.L1a c urvam elodipc.a7 ,8 - 4.4.L2e p ausien ternee lig accenitlri i:t mo,7 9 p. 81 Capit5o-lDoa llpaa rte sdiegln ificlaagt roa:m matica 815 .1L am orfolopgairao:el l ae smsae 835 .2L as intafsrsaies:e i n unciati 85 5.3 Isli gnificdaetlolf er asi 875 .4L as intaislps eir:i odo Indice VII 89C apit6-o Dlaol lpaa rted els ignificiallt eos:s ico 896 1. Lel ingpulea smains oi gnificati 916 .2C oncetctlia ssificeac toonrcie rtetlia zionneallle is sico 926 .3P oliseemo imao nimia 966 .4L as trutdteullr eas sico 6.41. campsie mantpi.c9 i6-, 6.4.O2p posetc io ntrpar.9i 7, I -6.4.S3i nonimi9,8 -6.4.I4c onveresl iar elazidoipn aer a- p. fra,sp .i9 9-6.4.S5i gnifigceanteiri ecs ii gnifiscpaetcii fiicpie:- ronimeii ap onimpi.al 0, 0 -6.4.S6o lidarlieestsài cpa.l Oi , l l 1036 .5E spresscioomnpil escsheev algocnoom ep arolpeo:l ire- maticehdee spressiidoinoim atiche 1056 .6I p restiti 1066 .7I l essdiics ip ecialità 1086 .8L ed efinizioni 113P ARTIEI - ISi ntadseslilf ar amsoed ellLoaf. r asseem plice 115P remes- sLaas trutstiunrtaa tdteilclfaar aseie ls uos ignificato 117C apit7o- Ll'oa rticoleaszsieonnzei daellelf ar asseo:g getet o predicato 1177 .1E spressnioomnien aeldee spressvieornbea le 1197 .2S oggetetp or edicato p 7.2.I1ls oggetpt.1o 1,9- 7.2.T2ii d ip redicpa.t1 o2,1 123C apit8o-Llaos t rutdtuerlal 'esprensosmiionnael e 1238 .1U naf ormpae rt antfuen zioni 1248 .2N omip ropern io mic omuni 1258 .3T ipeifu nziodneidi e termindainn otmii 1268 .4L 'usdoe die terminnaonmtini u:m erabein loim id im assa 8.4.N1o mic olletpt.i1 v2i8, 131 Capit9o-lLoas truttduerlap redicnaotmoi nale 13 9. l L'aggettivo l 1329 .2I nlo men:o mic lassificean toomridi ip rocesso 135 CapitoOl-oLa s trutdteulpr rae dicvaetrob ale l 135 lOl. I c omplemednetlvi e rbo 136 0.2V erbiim personzaelrivo a ol enti l 1371 0.V3e rbaiu np ostoo m onovalenti VIli Indice I37 1.04V erbaid uep ostoi b ivalenti 10.4V.e1 rbai d uep osttir ansilt'iovgig:e dtitroe tpt.o1 ,37 - 10.4.V2e rbai d uep ostiin transli'toigvgie:ptt roe posizionale, p.1 39-10.4.I3lc omplemednita or gomenpt.o1 ,41 -10.4.4 Verbcio nc omplemepnrteod icapt.i1 v42o , I44 10.5V erbait rpeo stoi t rivalle'notgig:e itntdoi retto 0.5.V1e rbtir ansietv ievribi in transpi.t1 i46v i, l I47 1.06L e relazisopnaiz iarleil:a zicoonnic ettcuoamleia rgo- mentdie lv erbo 10.6.V1e rbdiis tatiolc: o mplemednitl ou ogpo.,1 49-10.6.2 Verbdiim ovimenet doi s postamento: li'lto rraiggilitant eo,, destinazpi.1o n50e , I5I 1.07V erbcio nv alenvzaar iabile 153 1.08E nuncisaetniz vae rbloa:f rasneo minale 155 Capito11l-Loe c ostruzpiaosnsii rviefl,e sseif vaet titive I5 5 11.1L af raspea ssievi alc omplemedn'taog ente I5 7 1.12L ac ostruziroinflee ssiva 11.2.L1a c ostruziroinflee ssrievcai prpo.c1 a57, -11.2.L2' uso pronomindae1ive e rbpi.,! 58- 11.2.U3s op 1eonaset uiscoo impersondaellpe r onomrei flesspi.v! o5,9 160 113 .Lec ostruzioni fattitive o causative 163 Capito1-2loIln ucledoe llfar asee s iu omia rgini 163 121. Una struttcoumrpale ssa e stratifiiclan tuac:l eeo l es ue espansioni /64 1.22I nlu cledoe llfar acseo mes trutgteurraar chica 165 1.23I solairlne u cledoa im argindia:l lfar aaslet esto 169 Capit1o3l-Loe e spansinoenlilf ar asmea:r giensit ernmia,r gini internmio,d ificatdoerlvi e rbo /69 1.3l M argidneilp r oceslseco i:r costanze 13.1.L1o s pazidoac: o mplemednetlov erbaoc ircostpa.n za, 170-13.1.2I lt empod:a c ircostaa cnozmap lemednetlvo e r­ bo,p .1 71 -13.1.3C ausea c oncessipo.1n e72, 1721 3.2M argidneilp redicato 13.2.L1o s tmmentpo.,1 7 4-13.2.2I lc ollabordaetlolr'ea ­ gentpe.,1 75- 13.2.I3l b eneficieai rlfii noe p,. 1 76 176 13.L3e e spresseicocneit tuative 177 13.M4o dificatdoerlvi e rbo Indice IX 181 Capit1o4l-Loe e spandseinloo nmie 181 1.41L e'psressnioomanielnn eu:lc eeoe spansioni 1821 4.2M oditfiocerac io mplementi 14.2.A1t tribeu atpip osizipo.1n 8i2,- 14.2.2c omplementi I deln omep,. 1 83 189 ConclusCioodnieefi-i cnaf erneenlmzleaas isnoa p eras id­ei gnificati 193P ARTIEV -Snitsaids elflarasm eo edl:li ople iroodc omfear se copmlessa 195P remeDsusefua n. zipoeniripl e riodo 199 Capit1o5l-Loe f arscio mplceotmiaevre g omdeivn etiri b 199 15.F1r aosgig ettive 15. 1.1F ormeas plicpi.2t 0a0,- 15.1F.o2r miam plicpi.t2 a02, 203 15.2D iscodrisroe edt itosorc sion diretto 204 1.53F raisnit erroignadtiirveet te 206 15.4F rassoig gettive 15.4F.o1rm ae splicpi.2t 0a6,- 5.4F.2o rmai mplicpi.t2 a0,7 I 207 1.55F raisnic identali 209 Capito1l6oFa rsdii penddaen notmeiia ggettivi - 209 16.F1r acshime o dciafinnoo m:li ree lative 211 16.F2r acsoiml petdiinv oem eia ggettivi 215 PAVR T- EI tle sttrcoao ereecn ozeas ione 217 Capit1o7l-Loa f arssee pmliccoems ee gndail meue ns gsgiao: funzioinnet eornpaeelrt ese stuale 2171 7. lL 'orienvtearmgseloini nt toe rlocutori 17.1L.a1f ransoen m arcata2,1 7-7.1.L2ef om1em arcate: p. I fraisnit errogea itmipveer atpi.v2 e18, 223 17.O2r ientavmeernisttlooe seti ocl o enst:tl oap rospettiva comunicativa 17.2L.1ap rospettniovnam arcatpa.2, 2 4- 7.2.S2t rutture I marcatpe.2, 2 5-7.2.L3a fr asep assipv.a2 ,2 7-17.2.L4a I messian r iliedvelot emal:e d islocazpi.o2 n27i- ,1 7. 2.5L a messian r iliedveolf uocloa:f rase scp.i2 s3s -a,1 7. 2.L6a I relazidoipn aer afrpa.2s 3i3, x Indice 235 Capit1o-8lAold il à dfearlslieal: teie dlssi tcoo rso 235 18.C1oe reenc zoae sione 238 1.82C oerecnoznac etect ouearleetn ezsatu ale 239 Capit1o9l-Iof ta todrelilc ao eretnezsat uale 239 19.1L ac oeretnrtzaea ss tcor ied titosorc soor ale 19.1I.lt1 e sstcor itttoe:m aes viluptpeom atipc.2o 4,0 -19.1.2 Ild iscoorrsaol ceo:e renezi an terpretapz.i2 o4n1e , 242 19.2C oeretnezmaa tdietclea s etp or ospectotmiuvntaii cvaa deleln'unciato 244 19.3I f ttaordie lcloae reanlzblaaa s dee lcloae nseir:oee frenti ep rcoessi 247 Capit2o0-lLoac oense:ii ontroidr ueerfrreen ti 247 20.1T ipdiie sprescshiieno tnrio druecfoenroe nti 248 20.2 Nompir opri 249 20.3N omcio mu:an rictoilion determedi entaetrimvion ativo 20.3.I1d imostratpi.v2 i5,0- 20.3A.rt2i codleit erminaet ivi dimostraitnai pveir tduirt ae stpo.2, 5 1 252 20.4E lslseiip ronomi 253 Capit21olLoac oesiroincmeha:ir iaer eferenti - 253 21.R1i prpeesrrai petizione 254 21.2R iprpeessrao stituzione 21.2P.r1o nomedie llips.s2 i5,4 -21.2N.o2m ic omunpi.,2 55 257 Capit2o2-lDoe isasnia,feo t riadp iti e sti 257 221. Deisstuisaiz ionale 258 22.2A naofreac atoarfa 259 22.3 Deitsessitu ale 259 22.4E sperssieosncivl aumseidnetiect htei 260 22.5 Duer egitmeuisa tlac io rnofn:t odiiclso rvsvioe neti el racconto 262 22.6L a'noarfdaa:l rleaa alltfilàna z ione 265 Capit2o3-lLoac oenseil:oac ontidneupiior tcàe ssi 2652 3.1E seprssicohrneii p renpdorocneios s 23.1P.r1o nomi ellisps.2i 6,6 -23.1S.in2ta gmi nominalpi.2, 6 6 ed Indice Xl 269C apit2o4-lLoac oes:i toeinm epi vetrebseant leoidl i sneclo rso 269 24.T1e mpeti e mpo 270 24.T2e mpvie rbeat loin adleitlte às to 24.2T.i1p diit estiilm :o ndo visesi ulmt oon dod ellnaa rrazio­ ne,p .2 70-24.2.Ir2 a ppotrteim pornaellti e stpo.2, 7 2 273 24.T3o natleimtpào ert aidlpiiti e sti 24.3T.o1n aldiitsàc orspi.2v 7a3,- 24.3T.o2 nalniatràr ativa, p.2 73-24.3L.'3i mperfpe.t2 7t5o , 276 24.T4e satt io namlisittaà 279P ARVTIE-S uclo nfitnrfeaar seet eslt'oe:s prdeeslsrlieeol nae­ ziotnriar nsastfiche 281 Premessa 283 Capit2o5-lRoe lazcioonncie tef tormuea dliei s epsrsione 283 25.F1r assuib ordeir nezalitaoecn oin cueatlltei's:e pmidoe lla caudseaml,o tievd oefi ln e 25.1C.a1u seam otiviu:na q uestidoicn oee renzac onceptti.,2 84 tra - 25.1U.n2 m icrosisdtiec moan cectotnid ivpi.s2 i8,6 287 25.L2ef rmoed ie spsrieosdneelr lezeli aotnriar nassftiche 25.2C.o1n nessigornaem matiec caoleer entzeas tupa.l2 e8,8- 25.2.L2a f rasceo mplesssuab ordinactoidviafi:cc ao mpleta, ipocodiifipcear,c odifi2c8a9,- p. 25.2L.a3g iustapposizione: unp ontien ferentzripaar loec esps.2i 9,0- 25.2.T4i pdii r ela­ zionain aforiecn hoem id ir elazipo.n2 e9,0- 25.2.C5o ordina­ zionpe.,2 93 295 Capit2o6-lRoe laziromnatilr piafr oeocsisc:o occorear le­nza ternativa 295 26.D1u eti dpiril e azniifo rmoaltirp aor cessi 299 Capilto2o 7-Lep rincrieplaalzciio onncie ttutarpalor ic essi 299 271. Rezliaoanvev ersativa 302 27.R2e zliaotneim paolri 27.2C.o1n temporanpe.3i 0t2à-,2 7.2.2 Anterpi.3o 03ri-tà, 27.2P.o3s teripor.3i 03t à, 304 27.R3e zliaoni causali 27.3.1 L'espnreeplse sriioonpde.o 3 ,05 -27.3.2 L'espressione nellsaeq uenpz.a3 ,0 6

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