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Manual on the use of participatory approaches in agriculture studies JAIME A. MANALO IV with BERNARDO ALAYZA ROSE ANNE M. AYA MARITA A. CARLOS DEBASHISH DEV MARIFE R. DE TORRES PAUL JERSEY G. LERON DANIEL CRUZ RICARDO RAMIREZ BUI TAN YEN Socioeconomics Division Department of Agriculture - Philippine Rice Research Institute Maligaya, Science City of Muñoz, 3119 Nueva Ecija, Philippines December 2022 Disclaimer: All positions and views expressed in this manual are sole responsibilities of the authors who do not claim to represent the Philippine Rice Research Institute (PhilRice). Copyright 2022 © Philippine Rice Research Institute (PhilRice). All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced; stored in a retrieval system; or transmitted in any way or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without written permission of the copyright holders. PUBLISHED BY: Philippine Rice Research Institute Maligaya, Science City of Muñoz, 3119 Nueva Ecija Website: www.philrice.gov.ph Email: [email protected] SUGGESTED CITATION: Manalo, J.A., Alayza, B., Aya, R.A.M., Carlos, M.A., Cruz, D., Dev, D., De Torres, M.R., Leron, P.J., Ramirez, R., & Yen, B.T. (2022). Manual on the use of participatory approaches in agriculture studies. Manila: Department of Agriculture-PhilRice. ORCID Jaime A. Manalo IV http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3999-6661 Layout by Mark Joseph R. Zuñiga Language edited by Constante T. Briones ISBN NO. 978-621-8022-97-3 Printed in the Philippines Foreword We learn significantly when we engage people in the community. It is only in asking focused and well-thought-through questions that we are able to know what our stakeholders would like to convey for us to serve them better. From the conversations with our stakeholders, we come up with policies or new research for development directions. We can, however, only be able to do that when we do our best to make our processes participatory and emancipatory. Participation is a big word. Many attempt to do their community engagements in a participatory manner, but these attempts have not always been successful, resulting in initiatives that purport to be participatory. In this manual, we introduce some of the commonly used data elicitation techniques that help in facilitating community engagements, especially in data collection. The manual is written from the practitioners’ perspectives with careful reflection as to how they adapted each method to suit the purposes of their respective people engagements. Our intended audience for this manual are students, researchers, and members of the academe who would like to do social research in the agriculture sector in the Philippines. We hope that through this manual, we would be able to give and capture the voice of the people whom we would like to engage. We, at DA-PhilRice, thank our contributors from the Central Luzon State University; Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquatic and Natural Resources Research and Development; Pontifical Catholic University of Peru; The University of Queensland; and the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture, and Food Security for unselfishly sharing their practices with us in using the participatory approaches presented in this manual. JOHN C. DE LEON Executive Director i Preface We oftentimes read “participation” and “need to participate” in many project documents and research papers in our work. There is recognition that people must participate in the process, especially during the data collection phase of our research for development (R4D) initiatives, these be for baseline, monitoring and evaluation, or empirical research studies. Yet, we know of focus group discussions where people were asked to participate but only one person dominated the whole discussion. We know of consultations where the information collected is chiefly from the elites in the villages and other similar situations—and we write about those reports saying that participation indeed ensued. How do we really enhance participation of our stakeholders in the process? How do we get their voices to inform our processes and our data, especially for researchers? In this manual, we aim to introduce you to some of the methods we may use in collecting people’s voices to inform our R4D initiatives. Each method is described paying attention to the materials needed, how- to’s, potential issues, tips in processing the information collected, and an actual example in which this method was employed. Contributors are from the academe and community development practitioners from the Philippines, Vietnam, Bangladesh, Canada, and Australia. Their contributions show how these methods have also been found useful in other contexts aside from PH. While you will also read descriptions of these methods in books and other publications, the entries in this manual are written for and by practitioners themselves. Hence, they are practice-based with inputs told as to how they materialized in practice. It is hoped that through this manual, researchers who want to do work in the agriculture sector in PH may be able to achieve greater stakeholder involvement in their R4D efforts. ii Table of Contents Foreword i Preface ii Table of contents iii Acknowledgment iv 1. Resource-mapping 1 2. Participatory weed identification 6 3. Matrix ranking 10 4. Social mobility maps 14 5. Photovoice A 19 Photovoice B 23 Photovoice C 29 6. Windshield survey 37 7. Historical timeline 41 8. Rich pictures 45 9. Time transect 49 10. Innovation maps 52 11. Crop/farm management calendar 57 12. Participatory mapping of climate change risks and 61 indigenous adaptation plans 13. Participatory rapid appraisal of farmers’ agricultural 65 knowledge and communication systems Featured project: FIESTA celebrations 70 About the authors 77 iii Acknowledgment I wish to thank my co-authors for agreeing to share their experiences in this manual. They just sent their respective contributions after just two or three email exchanges—pretty easy to put everything together! While targeting the Filipino audience, the reader is given a global perspective of some sort as regards the applications of these participatory methods, drawn from global practice of the manual authors. The experiences shared in this manual, particularly mine, were drawn from various research engagements. Hence, I thank the funding agencies and partners in my previous and current projects—the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security; Department of Education, in particular its Technical-Vocational Unit; The University of Queensland’s Research Training Program; Australia Awards; and my home agency, PhilRice. I also thank my research participants for sharing their experiences with me, for helping me see the advantages and disadvantages in using the approaches that I present in this manual. They are instrumental in helping me reflect on my practice, especially in being conscious in giving voice to the stakeholders whom I want to engage. Lastly, I thank God Almighty for allowing me to do all those studies from which I learned to practice and adapt the participatory approaches. Using these tools has helped me deepen and sharpen my social awareness. Jaime A. Manalo IV Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija December 2022 iv 1 Resource-mapping By Jaime A. Manalo IV H. DELA ROSA For researchers who are new to their research sites, there is always that urge to know more about the place in an instant. Resource-mapping allows this to happen. The community members can introduce the researcher to their locality with emphasis on its basic resources, as it is called “resource mapping”. This method enables the researcher to gain plenty of insights in an hour or two of drawing and processing exercises. Materials needed • Manila paper • Markers • Crayons or any coloring materials • Scotch tape • Digital recorder 1 MANUAL ON THE USE OF PARTICIPATORY APPROACHES IN AGRICULTURE STUDIES