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254 Pages·1995·25.735 MB·English
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MANUAL OF SPECIALISED LEXICOGRAPHY BENJAMINS TRANSLATION LIBRARY The Benjamins Translation Library aims to stimulate academic research and training in translation studies, lexicography and terminology. The Library provides a forum for a variety of approaches (which may sometimes be conflicting) in a historical, theoretical, applied and pedagogical context. The Library includes scholarly works, reference books, post-graduate text books and readers in the English language. ADVISORY BOARD Jens Allwood (Linguistics, University of Gothenburg) Morton Benson (Department of Slavic, University of Pennsylvania) Marilyn Gaddis Rose (CRIT, Binghamton University) Yves Gambier (Institute of Translation and Interpreting, Turku University) Daniel Gile (INALCO and ISIT, Paris) Ulrich Heid (Computational Linguistics, University of Stuttgart) Eva Hung (Chinese University of Hong Kong) W. John Hutchins (Library, University of East Anglia) Werner Koller (Department of Germanic, Bergen University) José Lambert (Catholic University of Louvain) Willy Martin (Lexicography, Free University of Amsterdam) Alan Melby (Linguistics, Brigham Young University) Makoto Nagao (Electrical Engineering, Kyoto University) Roda Roberts (School of Translation and Interpreting, University of Ottawa) Juan C. Sager (Linguistics, Terminology, UMIST, Manchester) Maria Julia Sainz (Law School, Universidad de la Republica, Montevideo) Klaus Schubert (Technical Translation, Fachhochschule Flensburg) Mary Snell-Hornby (School of Translation & Interpreting, University of Vienna) Sonja Tirkkonen-Condit (Savonlinna School of Translation Studies, Univ. of Joensuu) Gideon Toury (M. Bernstein Chair of Translation Theory, Tel Aviv University) Wolfram Wilss (Linguistics, Translation and Interpreting, University of Saarland) Judith Woodsworth (FIT Committee for the History of Translation, Concordia University, Montreal) Sue Ellen Wright (Applied Linguistics, Kent State University) Volume 12 Henning Bergenholtz and Sven Tarp (eds) Manual of Specialised Lexicography MANUAL OF SPECIALISED LEXICOGRAPHY THE PREPARATION OF SPECIALISED DICTIONARIES Edited by HENNING BERGENHOLTZ SVEN TARP Aarhus School of Business With contributions by Grete Duvå, Anna-Lise Laursen, Sandro Nielsen, Ole Norling-Christensen, Jette Pedersen JOHN BENJAMINS PUBLISHING COMPANY AMSTERDAM/PHILADELPHIA The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences — Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Manual of specialized lexicography : the preparation of specialised dictionaries / edited by Henning Bergenholtz, Sven Tarp ; with contributions by Grete Duvå ... [et al.]. Training the translator / Paul Kussmaul. p. cm. — (Benjamins translation library, ISSN 0929-7316 ; v. 12) Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Sublanguage--Lexicography. I. Bergenholtz, Henning. II. Tarp, Sven. III. Duvå, Grete. IV. Series. P120.S9M36 1995 413'.028--dc20 95-19988 ISBN 90 272 1612 6 (Eur.) / 1-55619-693-8 (US) (alk. paper) CIP © Copyright 1995 - John Benjamins B.V. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm, or any other means, without written permission from the publisher. John Benjamins Publishing Co. • P.O.Box 75577 • 1070 AN Amsterdam • The Netherlands John Benjamins North America • P.O.Box 27519 • Philadelphia PA 19118-0519 • USA Contents Preface 8 CHAPTER 1. Specialised Lexicography versus Terminology and Terminography 10 CHAPTER 2. Guide to the Use of the Manual 12 CHAPTER 3. Basic Issues in Specialised Lexicography 14 3.1 Basic concepts in lexicography 15 3.2 LGP and LSP 16 3.3 Specialised dictionary functions 20 3.4 Specialised lexicography 28 3.5 The use of computers in specialised dictionary making 31 CHAPTER 4. Special Problems in Central Types of Specialised Dictionaries 48 4.1 Monolingual specialised dictionaries 48 4.2 Bilingual specialised dictionaries 49 4.3 Bidirectional specialised dictionaries 52 4.4 Multilingual specialised dictionaries 54 4.5 Specialised dictionaries for large and small languages .. 57 4.6 Multi-field, single-field and sub-field dictionaries 58 4.7 Culture-dependent and culture-independent specialised dictionaries 60 4.8 Law dictionaries 63 4.9 Dictionaries of economics 66 4.10 Dictionaries of science and technology 70 4.11 Product-line and group dictionaries 72 CHAPTER 5. Preliminary Work 77 5.1 User survey 77 5.2 Systematic classification 83 6 MANUAL OF SPECIALISED LEXICOGRAPHY 5.3 Material for the dictionary 90 5.4 Lexicographical instructions 96 CHAPTER 6. Selection 98 6.1 Lemma selection 98 6.2 Equivalent selection 104 CHAPTER 7. Linguistic Information 111 7.1 Grammar 111 7.2 Word combinations 117 7.3 Synonyms and antonyms 126 7.4 Linguistic labelling 131 7.5 Pronunciation 134 7.6 Examples 137 CHAPTER 8. Encyclopedic Information 143 8.1 Encyclopedic notes 143 8.2 Encyclopedic labelling 150 8.3 Encyclopedic section 154 8.4 Illustrations 159 CHAPTER 9. Structural Components 167 9.1 Contents 167 9.2 Preface 168 9.3 Introduction 169 9.4 User's guide 170 9.5 Encyclopedic section 176 9.6 Dictionary grammar 178 9.7 Word list 179 9.8 Index 181 9.9 Appendix 184 9.10 Informative label 186 CHAPTER 10. Dictionary Structures 188 10.1 Distribution structure 188 10.2 Alphabetic macrostructure 190 10.3 Systematic macrostructure 195 10.4 Microstructure 200 CONTENTS 7 10.5 Frame structure 211 10.6 Cross-reference structure 215 10.7 Access structure 219 CHAPTER 11. Further Work on the Dictionary 224 11.1 Layout 224 11.2 Proofreading 230 11.3 Revision 231 CHAPTER 12. Dictionary Criticism 232 CHAPTER 13. Perspectives 236 Bibliography 238 Dictionaries 238 Secondary literature 242 Index 250 Preface In 1990 the Danish Research Council for the Humanities endowed a 3-year research project entitled "translation of LSP texts". The timeframe ran from mid-1990 to the end of 1993, and the overall leadership was in the hands of Arnt Lykke Jakobsen. The research project was initially split up into five part- projects, one of which was "LSP lexicography". This Manual of Specialised Lexicography should be seen as one of the most important results of this part- project. As so far specialiced lexicography has had but a small share in the explosive development within LGP lexicography since the early 1970s, the manual is primarily intended as a contribution towards the establishment of an improved foundation for practical LSP lexicography. Contrary to what was the case only a few decades ago, a countless number of theoretical contributions on LGP lex­ icography are available today. In comparison, however, it is possible to survey all important theoretical literature on specialised lexicography within a short period of time. Due to the lack of a theoretical basis, the authors of this manual have only been able to build upon the findings of existing scholarly research as far as a few sub-fields are concerned. A number of the issues discussed in this manual have, at least to some extent, been taken up in practical LSP lexico­ graphy, but they still lack a theoretical foundation. In addition to being the first "textbook for would-be LSP dictionary makers", the manual has thus had to break new ground, which must be considered unusual for a manual. Owing to a reorganisation of the research team, we had to enter actively into the planning and preparation of the manual in the autumn of 1992. What was at the time seen as an imperative duty should turn out to be a very rewarding experience. Dealing with an only inadequately developed research field and subsequently formulating the findings for a group of users who do not have much prior knowledge of theoretical lexicography present in several respects a special challenge. The design of the manual is the result of a close co-operation between the editors. We are grateful to the following contributors for their guidance and direction: Grete Duvå and Anna-Lise Laursen (both of the Århus School of Business), and in particular to Sandro Nielsen (Southern Denmark Business School, Varde) and Jette Pedersen (Århus School of Business), who has also made the English translation. Furthermore, discussions with the members of PREFACE 9 the LSP lexicography research team, which, in addition to the above-mentioned colleagues from the Århus School of Business, consisted of Karin Balsgart, Lisbeth Maidahl, Hans Kristian Mikkelsen, Bernt Møller and Morten Pilegaard, have contributed towards improving the result. Special thanks are due to Herbert Ernst Wiegand, whose constructive criticism of the original plan has had a major impact on the final design of the manual, in its entirety as well as in a number of details. Finally, we would like to thank Marie-France Pors for having worked out the final layout. In consideration of the overall design of the manual, the individual chapters have been written as independent contributions by the following authors: Grete Duvå and Anna-Lise Laursen (chapters 5.1 and 10.3), Sandro Nielsen (chapters 9, 10.2, 10.4, 10.5, 10.6 and 10.7), Ole Norling-Christensen (chapters 3.5 and 13) and Jette Pedersen (chapters 5.2 and 6.2). The remaining chapters have been written by Henning Bergenholtz (3.2, 3.4, 5.3, 5.4, 6.1, 7, 11 and 12) and Sven Tarp (2, 3.1, 3.3, 4, 8 and 10.1). Henning Bergenholtz & Sven Tarp April 1995 CHAPTER 1 Specialised Lexicography versus Terminology and Terminography As the title indicates, the topic of this manual is specialised, or LSP, lexico­ graphy. Although neither terminology nor terminography is used in the title or in the individual chapters, they might both have been employed without the manual thereby becoming essentially different in terms of contents and struc­ ture. As part of general lexicographical theory and practice, specialised lexico­ graphy is based on a tradition which dates back several thousand years. Thus, the dictionaries written four thousand years ago to comment upon and explain religions in the Middle East may be considered the first specialised diction­ aries. In recent decades, the further development of lexicographical theory is primarily due to linguists, with experts within the individual subject areas parti­ cipating in the actual compilation of specialised dictionaries. The theory and practice of terminology originates from Wüster's pioneer work in the 1930s. Initially involving only specialists like Wüster himself, the theoretical development of this discipline has in recent years become increas­ ingly influenced by people with a linguistic background, however. Only after 1975 was terminography (ISO 1087) introduced to designate that part of ter­ minology which deals with the production of terminological dictionaries. Although traditionally LSP lexicography and terminology/terminography differ in terms of approach, in our opinion they are not autonomous, non-inter­ related disciplines, as in several respects they deal with the same subject mat­ ter. We therefore do not agree with those terminologists who, in their attempt to demarcate terminology vis-à-vis LSP lexicography, only widen the gap be­ tween the latter and terminology/terminography, using arguments like: 1. Lexicography deals with the description of general-language words, whereas ter­ minography concentrates on the description of LSP terms. 2. As opposed to lexicographers, who work with an alphabeticm acrostructure, termi­ nologists prefer a systematic macro structure. 3. Terminology is prescriptive, whereas lexicography is descriptive. 4. The target group of terminology is the expert, whereas in lexicography it is the lay- man. 5. While terminologists aim to help users encode texts, lexicographers aim to help users decode them.

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