Manual of Small Public Water Supply Systems

222 Pages·1992·8.464 MB·\222

by  Us Epa (Author)

Manual of
Small Public
Water Supply
Systems
U.S. EPA
Office of Drinking Water
(cps CRC Press
Taylor&.FrancisGroup
BocaRaton London New York
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First published 1992byC. K. Smoley
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PREFACE
Healthful, comfortable livingrequires the availabilityof an adequate supply ofhigh
quality water for drinking and domestic purposes.
Whenever feasible, a community should consider obtaining water from a public
water system in order to enjoy the advantages of qualified supervision under the control
of a responsible public agency. A public water system usually provides the best way to
assure an uninterrupted supply of safe water.
This manual is primarily directed to the individual orinstitution facedwithmanaging
or operating a smallpublicwater system. This manual is an update to the EPAManual
of Individual Water Supply Systems which was published in 1982. EPA is issuing this
revision of the manual to present current concepts and practices to the public water
system owner. This is in response to the greater public awareness of health and
environmental issues, and advances in water treatment practices.
EPA and others have noted a tremendous need for information and assistance to
very small systems. These needs include engineering solutions, such as appropriate
equipmentto treatwaterand operationsimprovements. Non-engineering issuesalso have
become a primary focus of concern which will require more attention in water supply
improvement efforts. Among these concerns are proper financing and management of
watersupplyimprovements,community involvement in watersupply, institutionalsupport,
and development ofhuman resources for improved operations and management ofwater
supplies.
The solutions offered in this manual are the result of the work of many U.S.
agencies, individuals, and international organizations dedicated to the upkeep of safe and
reliable water supply. In fact, many of the problems and solutions identified have been
studied worldwide. Through this manual, EPA will be able to offer practical assistance
to the many very small public water suppliers in the U.S., as well as those with similar
operating conditions elsewhere, through such programs as the U.S. Peace Corps. This
manual should be useful to other Federal agencies concerned with the development of
smallwater supplies, and to State and local health departments, well drillers, contractors,
as well as to owners and operators of any system which supplies drinking water.
Aswiththe previousmanualforindividual and small water supplies, I hope thatthis
manual will be apracticaltoolto many thousands ofruralwater systemsintheir enduring
effort to supplysafe and reliable drinking water.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This manual follows the general format of its predecessors: U.S. Public Health
ServicePublicationNo. 24,preparedby theJoint Committee onRural Sanitation, and the
U.S. EPA Manual of Individual Water Supply Systems, which was prepared under the
direction ofMr. W. J. Whitsell.
Overallplanning and management for the preparation of this manualwas provided
by Mr. Marc J. Parrotta, Environmental Engineer, U.S. EPA Office ofDrinking Water.
The support by those who prepared this manual which is technologically updated and
more responsive to emerging environmental concerns is highly regarded.
Further, EPA acknowledges the valuable contributions of others who wrote and
reviewed parts of this manual. EPA is especially indebted to the following who deserve
particular acknowledgement for their contributions to this manual: Mark A. Thompson
and Glenn M. TillmanofMalcolm Pirnie,Inc.; Frank Bell, Jr.,PaulS.Berger,WaltFeige,
Benjamin P. Smith, James E. Smith, Jr., and James J. Westrick of U.S. EPA; T. David
Chinn ofthe American Water Works Association; Meg Harvey ofECOS, Inc.; and John
Trax of the National Rural Water Association.
CONTENTS
Preface ..............................................................................................................................iii
Introduction
Overview ofSmallPublic Water Systems......................................................... 1
SDWA Requirements................................................................................... 1
General Requirements............................................................................................2
Institutional Concerns ............................................................................................2
Operations.................................................................................................................3
PartI - Selection and Management ofa Water Source
Introduction...............................................................................................................7
Rights to the Use ofWater ..................................................................................7
Sources ofWater Supply .......................................................................................7
Quality ofWater .................................................................................................. 10
Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) .................................................................. 17
Water Testing and Labs..................................................................................... 21
Contaminant Sources.......................................................................................... 21
Quantity ofWater ............................................................................................. 22
Water Conservation........................................................................................... 24
Fire Protection...................................................................................................... 25
Sanitary Survey .................................................................................................. 27
PartII - Ground Water
Rock Formations................................................................................................ 33
Ground Water Basins.......................................................................................... 33
Sanitary Quality.................................................................................................. 34
Chemical and Physical Quality ........................................................................ 34
Distance to Sources of Contamination . ......................................................... 35
Evaluating Contamination Threats .................................................................. 36
Development of Ground Water ...................................................................... 38
Construction of Wells.......................................................................................... 44
Sanitary Construction of W ells.......................................................................... 58
Abandonment of Wells...................................................................................... 63
Reconstruction of Existing Dug Wells.............................................................. 63
Special Considerations in ConstructingArtesian Wells................................. 64
Springs and Infiltration Galleries ..................................................................... 64
PartIII - Surface Waterfor Rural Use
Introduction ....................................................................................................... 65
Sources of Surface W ater................................................................................... 66
Development ofSprings ................................................................................... 74
Infiltration Galleries............................................................................................. 76
v
PartIV - WaterTreatment
Need and Purpose............................................................................................... 79
Water Treatment................................................................................................. 80
Disinfection........................................................................................................... 83
Disinfection with Ultraviolet Light .................................................................. 89
Disinfection with Ozone...................................................................................... 90
Membrane Technologies ................................................................................... 90
Aeration ................................................................................................................ 91
Other Treatment.................................................................................................. 91
Package Plants...................................................................................................... 98
Household Water Treatment ........................................................................ 100
Treatment Waste Disposal............................................................................. 103
PartV -Pumping Distribution andStorage
Types of Well Pumps...................................................................................... 105
Selection of Pumping Equipment ................................................................. 113
Sanitary Protection ofPumping Facilities .................................................. 120
Installation of Pumping Equipment................................................................ 121
Alternate Energy Sources and Pumps.......................................................... 123
Pumphousing and Appurtenances................................................................. 126
Cross-Connections............................................................................ 136
Pipe and Fittings..................................................................................... 138
Pipe Capacity and Head Loss........................................................................ 139
Protection ofDistribution Systems ............................ 142
Disinfection ofDistribution System............................ 142
Determination ofStorage Volume .............................................................. 143
Protection ofStorage Facilities...................................................................... 144
PartVI -Information,Assistance and CommunitySupport
Introduction....................................................................................................... 149
Information Resources...................................................... 149
Community Involvement................................................................................. 150
Technical Assistance and Training .............................................................. 151
Financial Assistance..................................................................... 153
Water Rates ..................................................................................................... 155
Personal Computers........................................................................................... 157
InstitutionalAlternatives................................................... 157
Bibliography.................................................................................................................. 161
vi
Appendices:
A. Health Effects, Source of Contamination, andTreatment .................. 167
B. Collection and Analysis of Bacteriological Samples............................. 175
C. Identification by Human Senses.............................................................. 177
D. Recommended Procedure for Cement Grouting of Wells for
SanitaryProtection............................................. 189
E. EmergencyDisinfection............................................................................. 191
F. State Drinking Water Agencies................................................................. 195
G. EPA Drinking Water Offices................................................................... 199
H. National Organizations ............................................................................. 201
I. Farmers Home Administration Offices .................................................. 203
Index............................ 207
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
1. Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs) ........................................................ 18
2. Secondary Maximum Contaminant Levels (SMCLs) ................................... 19
3. Planning guide for water use ............................................................................ 23
4. Average household water use activities........................................................... 24
5. Suitability of well construction methods to different geological
conditions ............................................................................................................ 43
6. Steel pipe and casing, standard and standard line pipe................................. 53
7. Quantities of calcium hypochlorite and liquid calcium hypochlorite
required for water well disinfection................................................................. 61
8. Recommended mechanical analysis of slow sand filter media..................... 82
9. Information on pumps..................................................................................116,117
10. Allowance in equivalent length ofpipe for friction loss in
valves and threaded fittings............................................................................. 141
11. Seven-minute peak demand period usage .................................................... 143
12. Tank selection chart-gallons............................................................................ 144
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Figure Page
1. The hydrologic cycle.................................................................................................8
2. Pumping effects on aquifers.............................................................................. 40
3. Dug well with two-pipejet pump installation................................................. 45
4. Different kinds of drive-well points.................................................................. 46
5. Well-point driving methods................................................................................ 47
6. Hand-bored well with driven-well point and ’’shallowwell”jet
pump..................................................................................................................... 49
7. Drilled well with submersible pump ............................................................... 51
8. Well seal forjet pump installation .................................................................. 56
9. Well seal for submersible pump installation................................................... 57
10. Yield of impervious catchment area ............................................................... 67
11. Cistern ................................................................................................................. 70
12. Pond...................................................................................................................... 72
13. Schematic diagram ofpond water-treatment system..................................... 73
14. Spring protection................................................................................................. 75
15. Slow sand filtration diagram.............................................................................. 81
16. Package Plant Diagram ..................................................................................... 99
17. Exploded view ofsubmersible pump............................................................. 107
18. ”Over-the-well”jet pump installation............................................................. 108
19. Typical solar pump systems ........................................................................... 109
20. Typical wind powered pumps......................................................................... 110
21. Typical hand pumps.......................................................................................... 112
22. Typical air lift pump.......................................................................................... 113
23. Typical hydraulic ram ....................................................................................... 114
24. Determining recommended pump capacity ................................................. 118
25. Components of total operating head in well pump installations ............. 119
26. Vertical (line shaft) turbine pump mounted on well casing....................... 122
27. Pumphouse ........................................................................................................ 127
28. Clamp-on pitless adapter for submersible pump installation..................... 129
29. Pitless unit with concentric external piping forjet pump
installation............................................. 130
30. Weld-on pitless adapter with concentric external piping for
"shallowwell”pump installation ................................................................... 131
31. Pitless adapter with submersible pump installation for
basement storage............................................................................................. 132
32. Pitless adapter and unit testing equipment.................................................... 135
33. Head loss versus pipe size .............................................................................. 140
34. Typical concrete reservoir................................................................................ 146
35. Typical valve and box, manhole covers, and piping installations ............. 147
36. Sources of Information and Assistance ......................................................... 152
Manual of
Small Public
Water Supply
Systems