Manual of Grasses for North America

655 Pages·2007·346.927 MB·English

by  Mary E. Barkworth (editor), Laurel K. Anderton (editor), Kathleen M. Capels (editor), Sandy Long (editor), Michael B. Piep (editor)

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Manual of Grasses for North America

Manual of Grasses for North America
Edited by Mary E. Barkworth, Laurel K. Anderton, Kathleen M. Capels, Sandy Long,
and Michael B. Piep
Illustrated by Cindy Talbot Roché, Linda Ann Vorobik, Sandy Long, Annaliese Miller,
Bee F. Gunn, Christine Roberts, and Mary S. Blankenship
Intermountain Herbarium and Utah State University Press
Utah State University
Logan, Utah 84322
UtahStateUniversityPress
Logan,Utah84322-7800
Copyright©2007IntermountainHerbarium,UtahStateUniversity
TheaccountsofDanthonia,Karroochloa,andRytidospermaarereproducedbypermissionofStephenJ.Darbyshireforthe
DepartmentofAgricultureandAgri-Food,GovernmentofCanada,©MinisterofPublicWorksandGovernmentServices,Canada,2002.
TheaccountofAvenaisreproducedbypermissionofBernardR.Baumforthe
DepartmentofAgricultureandAgri-Food,GovernmentofCanada,©MinisterofPublicWorksandGovernmentServices,Canada,2007.
TheaccountsofArctophila,Dupontia,Schizachne,Vahlodea,×Arctodupontia,and×Dupoaarereproduced
bypermissionofJacquesCayouetteandStephenJ.Darbyshireforthe
DepartmentofAgricultureandAgri-Food,GovernmentofCanada,©MinisterofPublicWorksandGovernmentServices,Canada,2007.
TheaccountsofEremopoa,Leucopoa,Schedonorus,and×PucciphippsiaarereproducedbypermissionofStephenJ.Darbyshireforthe
DepartmentofAgricultureandAgri-Food,GovernmentofCanada,©MinisterofPublicWorksandGovernmentServices,Canada,2007.
Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,
storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,
electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,orotherwise,
withoutthepriorwrittenpermissionofUtahStateUniversity.
ManufacturedinUnitedStatesofAmerica
CoverdesignbyBarbaraYale-Read
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
ManualofgrassesforNorthAmerica
editedbyMaryE.Barkworth,LaurelAnderton,KathleenCapels,SandyLong,MichaelPiep.
p.cm.
ISBN978-0-87421-686-8(pbk.:alk.paper)
1.Grasses–NorthAmerica–Identification.
2.Grasses–UnitedStates–Identification.
3.Grasses–Canada–Identification.
1.Barkworth,MaryE.,1941-
QK495.G74M232007584'.9097–dc22
2007025375
98765432
Printedonacid-freepaper
Contents
Preface vii 10.02Achnatherum,30 14.14×Dupoa,141
10.03Ptilagrostis,35 14.15Dupontia,141
Abbreviations ix
10.04Piptatherum,35 14.16×Arctodupontia,141
Taxonomic Treatments 1 10.05Macrochloa,36 14.17Arctophila,142
10.06Celtica,37 14.18Torreyochloa,142
POACEAE or
10.07Stipa,37 14.19Catabrosa,143
GRAMINEAE,3
10.08Hesperostipa,38 14.20Cutandia,143
10.09Piptochaetium,39 14.21Briza,143
Key to Tribes 4
10.10Oryzopsis,39 14.22Aira,144
10.11×Achnella,40 14.23Coleanthus,145
PHAROIDEAE,7
10.12Nassella,40 14.24Eremopoa,145
10.13Jarava,42 14.25Sphenopholis,145
1.PHAREAE,7
10.14Amelichloa,42 14.26Deschampsia,146
1.01Pharus,7
10.15Austrostipa,43 14.27Agrostis,148
14.28Polypogon,154
BAMBUSOIDEAE,8
11.BRACHYPODIEAE,44 14.29×Agropogon,156
11.01Brachypodium,44 14.30Lagurus,156
2.BAMBUSEAE,8
14.31Phleum,156
2.01Arundinaria,9
12.BROMEAE,45 14.32Gastridium,157
2.02.Bambusa,9
12.01Bromus,45 14.33Arctagrostis,158
2.03Phyllostachys,10
14.34Sesleria,158
2.04Pseudosasa,10
13.TRITICEAE,53 14.35Desmazeria,159
13.01Hordeum,55 14.36Ventenata,159
3.OLYREAE,11
13.02Eremopyrum,57 14.37Cynosurus,160
3.01Lithachne,11
13.03Dasypyrum,58 14.38Parapholis,160
13.04Taeniatherum,58 14.39Scribneria,161
EHRHARTOIDEAE,11
13.05Secale,58 14.40Hainardia,161
13.06×Triticosecale,59 14.41Vahlodea,161
4.EHRHARTEAE,11
13.07Aegilops,59 14.42Podagrostis,162
4.01Ehrharta,12
13.08Triticum,60 14.43Lachnagrostis,162
13.09Agropyron,62 14.44Avenula,163
5.ORYZEAE,12
13.10Pseudoroegneria,62 14.45Bromidium,163
5.01.Oryza,13
13.11×Pseudelymus,63 14.46Dissanthelium,164
5.02Leersia,14
13.12×Elyhordeum,63 14.47Helictotrichon,164
5.03Zizania,14
13.13Elymus,64 14.48Amphibromus,164
5.04Hygroryza,16
13.14×Elyleymus,75 14.49Calamagrostis,165
5.05Zizaniopsis,16
13.15Pascopyrum,76 14.50Gaudinia,170
5.06Luziola,16
13.16×Pascoleymus,76 14.51Scolochloa,170
13.17Leymus,76 14.52Avena,171
POÖIDEAE,17
13.18×Leydeum,79 14.53Holcus,172
13.19Psathyrostachys,80 14.54Arrhenatherum,172
6.BRACHYELYTREAE,18
13.20Thinopyrum,80 14.55Corynephorus,172
6.01Brachyelytrum,18
14.56Trisetum,173
14.POEAE,81 14.57Koeleria,174
7.NARDEAE,18
14.01Festuca,90 14.58Rostraria,175
7.01Nardus,19
14.02Leucopoa,103 14.59Mibora,175
14.03Schedonorus,103 14.60Anthoxanthum,176
8.DIARRHENEAE,19
14.04Vulpia,104 14.61Phalaris,177
8.01Diarrhena,19
14.05Lolium,105 14.62Cinna,179
14.06Puccinellia,106 14.63Limnodea,180
9.MELICEAE,20
14.07 ×Pucciphippsia,110 14.64Ammophila,180
9.01Glyceria,20
14.08Phippsia,110 14.65Milium,181
9.02Melica,24
14.09Sclerochloa,111 14.66Alopecurus,181
9.03Schizachne,26
14.10Dactylis,111 14.67Apera,183
9.04Pleuropogon,27
14.11Lamarckia,111
14.12Beckmannia,112
10.STIPEAE,28
14.13Poa,112
10.01Ampelodesmos,29
ARUNDINOIDEAE,183 16.51 Hilaria,247 24.21 Setaria,306
15.00 ARUNDINEAE,183 16.52 Tragus,248 24.22 Paspalidium,310
15.01 Molinia,184 16.53 Zoysia,249 24.23 Hopia,310
15.02 Hakonechloa,184 24.24 Stenotaphrum,311
15.03 Phragmites,184 17.00 PAPPOPHOREAE,249 24.25 Hymenachne,311
15.04 Arundo,185 17.01 Pappophorum,250 24.26 Steinchisma,311
17.02 Enneapogon,250 24.27 Axonopus,312
CHLORIDOIDEAE,185 17.03 Cottea,251 24.28 Paspalum,312
16.00 CYNODONTEAE,186 24.29 Zuloagaea,318
16.01 Fingerhuthia,191 18.00 ORCUTTIEAE,251 24.30 Phanopyrum,319
16.02 Uniola,192 18.01 Orcuttia,251 24.31 Reimarochloa,319
16.03 Swallenia,192 18.02 Tuctoria,252
16.04 Distichlis,192 18.03 Neostapfia,252 25.00 ANDROPOGONEAE,320
16.05 Aeluropus,192 25.01 Spodiopogon,324
16.06 Allolepis,193 DANTHONIOIDEAE,253 25.02 Saccharum,325
16.07 Monanthochloë,193 19.00 DANTHONIEAE,253 25.03 Miscanthus,326
16.08 Neyraudia,193 19.01 Cortaderia,254 25.04 Imperata,327
16.09 Triraphis,194 19.02 Danthonia,254 25.05 Polytrias,327
16.10 Tridens,194 19.03 Schismus,255 25.06 Microstegium,328
16.11 Redfieldia,195 19.04 Karroochloa,256 25.07 Trachypogon,328
16.12 Triplasis,196 19.05 Austrodanthonia,256 25.08 Sorghum,328
16.13 Scleropogon,196 19.06 Tribolium,257 25.09 Sorghastrum,329
16.14 Erioneuron,196 25.10 Chrysopogon,329
16.15 Dasyochloa,197 ARISTIDOIDEAE,257 25.11 Dichanthium,330
16.16 Blepharoneuron,197 20.00 ARISTIDEAE,257 25.12 Bothriochloa,331
16.17 Blepharidachne,198 20.01 Aristida,258 25.13 Ischaemum,333
16.18 Munroa,198 25.14 Apluda,333
16.19 Leptochloa,198 CENTOTHECOIDEAE, 264 25.15 Andropogon,333
16.20 Tripogon,201 21.00 CENTOTHECEAE,264 25.16 Cymbopogon,336
16.21 Trichoneura,201 21.01 Chasmanthium,265 25.17 Schizachyrium,337
16.22 Dinebra,201 25.18 Arthraxon,339
16.23 Eragrostis,201 22.00 THYSANOLAENEAE,265 25.19 Hyparrhenia,339
16.24 Cladoraphis,210 22.01 Thysanolaena,266 25.20 Heteropogon,340
16.25 Pogonarthria,210 25.21 Themeda,340
16.26 Vaseyochloa,211 PANICOIDEAE, 266 25.22 Elionurus,341
16.27 Eleusine,211 23.00 GYNERIEAE,266 25.23 Hemarthria,341
16.28 Acrachne,212 23.01 Gynerium,266 25.24 Coelorachis,342
16.29 Dactyloctenium,212 25.25 Eremochloa,342
16.30 Sporobolus,212 24.00 PANICEAE,267 25.26 Rottboellia,343
16.31 Crypsis,218 24.01 Digitaria,270 25.27 Hackelochloa,343
16.32 Calamovilfa,218 24.02 Anthenantia,274 25.28 Tripsacum,343
16.33 Muhlenbergia,219 24.03 Alloteropsis,275 25.29 Zea,344
16.34 Lycurus,231 24.04 Amphicarpum,275 25.30 Coix,346
16.35 Chloris,231 24.05 Lasiacis,275
16.36 Eustachys,235 24.06 Oplismenus,276 Literature Cited 346
16.37 Enteropogon,236 24.07 Echinochloa,276
16.38 Trichloris,237 24.08 Sacciolepis,279 Illustrations 347
16.39 Willkommia,237 24.09 Dichanthelium,279
16.40 Schedonnardus,237 24.10 Panicum,289 Distribution Maps 505
16.41 Gymnopogon,238 24.11 Moorochloa,296
16.42 Ctenium,238 24.12 Melinis,296 Index 559
16.43 Microchloa,239 24.13 Megathyrsus,297
16.44 Cynodon,239 24.14 Urochloa,297 Abbreviations 627
16.45 Spartina,240 24.15 Eriochloa,300
16.46 Bouteloua,242 24.16 Pennisetum,301
16.47 Opizia,246 24.17 Cenchrus,304
16.48 Buchloë,246 24.18 Anthephora,305
16.49 Cathestecum,247 24.19 Ixophorus,306
16.50 Aegopogon,247 24.20 Setariopsis,306
Preface
The original goal of the Grass Manual Project (GMP) was to develop a single-volume work
modeled on Hitchcock’s Grasses of the United States. When the GMP became part of the Flora
ofNorthAmericaProject,thecontributorswereaskedtodevelopmoredetaileddescriptionsthan
originally envisioned. The resulting two volumes, Flora of North America volumes 24 and 25
(Barkworth et al. 2003, 2007), have been well received, but several individuals commented that
therewasstillaneedforamorecompactandlessexpensivepresentationoftheinformation.This
volume seeks to meet that need.
Design: The design of this manual was dictated by the need to save space while keeping all the
illustrations. It quickly became evident that, even after reducing each illustration to a quarter of
its original size and using abbreviations in the descriptions, ruthless cutting was required. We
eliminated all the citations, reduced the comments to habitat information that would aid in
identification, and modified the layout. This still led to a volume of over 1,000 pages, so we
eliminated the subfamily and species descriptions. We have not abbreviated words in the keys
because of the critical importance of the keys in the absence of species descriptions.
Organization: The order of the treatments, illustrations, and distribution maps reflects, to the
extent that is feasible, current thinking on phylogenetic relationships. These are, admittedly, best
known at the subfamily level and least well known (and least amenable to a linear arrangement)
at the species level. Nevertheless, this arrangement makes it easier to obtain an overall picture of
the morphology and distribution of a tribe or group of related genera than would an alphabetical
arrangement.
A bipartite number is used to indicate the location of each genus, the part before the “decimal”
indicating its tribal membership, the part after the decimal, its placement within the tribe. These
numbers form part of the header on each page. In the treatments, the name of each species is
followed by two page numbers: an italicized number for the illustration page, and an underlined
number for the distribution map page. At the end of the text material there is a brief “Literature
Cited” section. It contains only references that were used for the first time in preparing this
volume. The “Literature Cited” section is followed first by the illustrations, then by the
distribution maps. Tripartite numbers are associated with each illustration and map. The first
two parts of these numbers correspond to the tribal and generic numbers that are used as page
headers on the treatment pages. The third part of each number indicates the position of the
species within the text material for its genus. The index lists the page numbers for the written
treatments (in bold type), illustrations (in italics), and distribution maps (underlined). It also
shows how this volume treats names likely to be encountered in other publications.
Changes: There are some differences between the taxonomic treatment presented in this Manual
and that in the two Flora of North America volumes on which it is based. In addition, some
illustrations have been added or enhanced and many maps modified to reflect new distributional
vii