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M U " A N A L O F H M M E N G L I S G R A A R A N D C O M P O S I TI O N J O N E S F I E L D M A . . , . . L L H H M M H U R NG G R R P P R N R ‘ ’ ‘ A T O O F E I S A A A S T A N D E S E T ISTO I CA , L H V NG R N ’ E I S A N D D E I A TI O E T C , . I N S IX PA R TS I PA R S IN G A N D A N A LYS IS - . I I CO M PO SITIO N F O R CE A N D PR O PR I ETY O F DI CTIO N —- . II I EN LA R G EM E N T O F VO CABULA R Y F I G UR E S O F S PE ECH : . — IV PR O S E A N D P O ETR Y . — V HI STO RY O F TH E LA N G UA G E —. VL S OUN D S S YM BO LS A N D S PE LLI N GS , , A PPE N D IX O N D ER IVA TIO N S M A C M I L L A N A N D C D L I M I T E D . , M ’ S T A R T I N S S T R E E T L O N D O N . , 1 9 0 8 P UBL I S HE R S ’ N O TI CE m O W N G t th i i i t tt h d t Ph ti I o e ncreas ng por anc e a a c e o one c s a , m m i th P t b i h f S l S b l d S lli t s x ar ear ng e na e o o wnc s y o s a n pe ngs , , , d i ti f th h t h b dd d th i b k t a n c ons s ng o ree c ap ers as een a e o s oo , . “ T h fi t h t d l i th L tt A t d S yl l bl ” e rs c ap er ea s w e ers c cen s a n a es , , , “ h t i h V l S d d h th y l ” h t e nex w t o w e - o un s a n ow e are spe t t e , l t ith C t l S d d h th y l t ” Th as w onsonan a oun s an ow e are spe e . m y t f ll d i thi P t ' th t h i h l l h b t Q t w n r n w s s e o o e s a s a o c a e es th i ti Ph t i d i D S t P f au or es on one cs are agree v z r w ee ro essor , . . , m S k t M i L S d D M y (i h I t d ti t ea ss a ura oa es an r urra n e n ro u c on , , . h O f d D i ti y) t t o e x or c onar . m B id h tt f i h d i P t VI A d i t es es e n ew a er u rn s e n a r an ppen x . , m m D iv ti ( i l y b d S k t’ E t l i l D i ti ) o n er a ons a n ase on ea s y o og ca c ona ry h b dd d h l f h b k Th A di iv t t t as een a e a e c ose o e oo e ppen x g es . — W fi d iff t l i t f D i v tiv h fi t i ti f rd t ve eren s s o er a es e rs c ons s ng o o s m m W m d iv d f P r N h d f d f d b y er e ro rope a es t e sec on O or s or e , m m m C iti h th i d f D iv tiv f T t i ( i l y o pos on t e r o er a es ro eu on c a n , m A S ) R t th f th f D iv tiv f L ti R t th oo s e ou r o er a es ro a n oo s e . . , , m ft t iv tiv f k t fi h d l f D G R n r r r a a s o e a es o ee oo s . N thi h b dd d h i f h b k t t t t o ng as een a e o e pr c e o e oo on ac coun m of th e a dd i ti onal a tter th us furnish ed w h i ch c onsists al togeth er , f v ty i o se en -s x pages . C O N T E N T S — P R P R NG N Y A T I A S I A N D A A L S IS . . CR A P . L L Y N U N 1 A O A S I S I N T I E . L P H P H R P U N R 2 TH E A TS O F S E E C I N O T I E : A S E S . P S ec tion 1 Th e art s O f S peec h . fi P 2 Cla ssi c a tio n O f h ra ses . N UN 3 O S . N S ec tion 1 Th e k inds of ou ns . G 2 d en er . N m 3 b r u e . 4 C ase . J V 4 A D E CT I E S . j S ti 1 Th k i d f A d ti ec on e n s o ec ves . j 2 Th t f A d ti e w o u ses o ec ves . m j 3 C i f A d ti o par son o ec ves . P R N N 5 O O U S . P P S ec t ion 1 ersona l ronouns . D m P 2 t ti e ons ra ve ronou ns . R P j 3 el ative or Con unc tive ronou ns . P Interrogative ronouns V BS R 6 E . V S ti 1 Th ki d f b ec on e n s O er s . V 2 T iti b rans ve er s . V 3 Intransitive erb s . V A il i b ux a ry er s V P 5 A c tive and a ssive oic es . V F j M 6 Con u g a tion of a erb in inite oods M 7 I di ti d n c a ve oo m M 8 I r ti d pe a ve oo j M 9 S b ti d u u nc ve oo . fi M 1 0 I iti d n n ve oo . P 1 1 rti i l a c p es . V G N 1 2 eru nds and erb a l oun s . W j 1 3 Th S t d k C ti e rong a n ea on ug a ons . D V m 1 4 efec tive Irregu lar and I personal erb s B . , , V R 7 A D E S . F S ti 1 Th ti f A d b ec on e unc ons o ver s . 2 Th k i d f A d b e n s o ver s . m 3 Co parison of A dverb s . V m 4 erb s c o po unded with A dverb s . 5 Th e tw o u ses of A dverb s . P R P N ) ! E O S ITI O S C J N UN N D C O CTI O S ( Sec tion 1 Co-ordinativ e Conjunc tions . j 2 S u b ordinative Con u nc tions . J N R N 1 0 I T E E C TI O S . D T S P P H W R U F F R N R 1 1 T S S HE AM E O D S E D A S I E E A T O F E E C . Y P N R N G S TA X A N D A S I L D L Y 1 3 A N A S IS I N E TA I . m m m S ti 1 S t S i l C d d C l ec on en enc es p e o pou n an o p ex . , D , m 2 S h f A l i i t il c e e o na y s s n e a . D 3 f S b di ti egrees o u or na on . L Y R NG E P A x A M P L E S I N A S I A N D N A S IS L D M N P R N R R R N E I XA E S—I N I E CT A N D D I E CT A A TI O D P R P N F R P R P R N M Y A T I I CO O S ITIO O CE A N D O IE T ICTI O : . P R H UN U G P 1 4 U S CT A TI O N O R T H E I T S E O F TO S . N , M R R R W R 1 5 T O H E O A L D E O F O D S . L V N M M N R N R R R 1 6 I O E E S I O O F TH E O A D E : P HA S IS . R U U R N N 1 7 S S T CT E O F E TE CE S . D P Y UR N 1 8 IT o r I CT IO i I V EN G L S H GRA M M A R A N D CO M PO S ITIO N t HA P PA G E D P Y R PR N 9 1 O I E T O F I C T I O . mm mm W S ec tion 1 Co on E rrors in t he Use O f Co on ords . W W W 2 d d i S C ti or s u se n rong enses or rong onnec ons L L . L P U R P N S S A S I N E C I A E S E S L D I RN N 20 P C E R S P I C UI'I‘ Y O R E A E S S O F I CT O . G mm P S ec tion 1 ra atic al rec au ti ons 1 79 . 2 Th e O b sc u re 1 80 . D M 3 Th e ou b l e ea ning 1 83 L . D M Y P N 21 S E 1 89 I I C I T O R A S E O F I CTI O . T D B V Y R R N N 22 E I T O R E S E E S S O F I CTI O 1 9 5 . L D G N 23 E 204 E AN CE O F I CTI O . — T V N RG N B R F G R P M U Y U H A I I I E L A E E O F O CA L A I E S O F S E E C : . . TL B P R M Y M N RG N P N 24 E C A E E T O O S I T IO . m U S ec tion 1 nrel a ted or J u xta -positional Co po unds . R m 2 l t d S t t i l C d e a e or y n a c c a o po un s . B M Y N R G N UF 25 E P S LA E E T R E F I x E S A N D F I X E S . T fi S ec tion 1 eutonic P re xes . T fi 2 t i S f eu o n c u xes . fi R m P 3 i o an c re xes . fi R m 4 o anic S uf xes . fi G P 5 reek re xes . G 6 k S ffi ree u xes . m G R So e eneral esul ts w ith Questions . , F R H GU R R 26 I E S O F E T O I C . L V B L B N M Y Y H Y M Y N G N U R M P R M 27 E AR E E T O F O CA A E TA O A N D E TO . — T T P R P R P R Y A I V O S E A N D O E . . D V P M M N N R P N C 28 A I I IS IO S O F O S E - O O S I T IO . fi M S ec tion 1 Classi ca tion a c c ording to a tter . fi F m 2 Cl assi c ation ac c ording to or . D P Y R N 29 P O S O D A N D O E T I C I CTI O . P S ec tion 1 rosody . D P 2 ti i ti oe c c on D . P Y M N N R 30 AI I VIS I O S O F O E T . — T T P R R N G G A V H I S O Y O F TH E L A UA E . . L G H H R G N R NG E 3 1 O I I A N D O WT O F IS . S ec tion 1 E ngl ish and Cognate Langu ages . 2 O l d E ngli sh . M 3 iddl e E ngl ish . M 4 odern E ng lish . B RR NG 3 2 W O O I S . S ti 1 C lti ec on e c . D us anish or L ater S c a ndian . D o t h u c c . s L t n a i u F h renc o . G c reek B M M odern orrow ing s : isc el laneous . D N 3 3 O T E S O N A F F I xE s A N D A C C I D E N C E . T S ec tion 1 O rig in of eutonic Affixes . N m 2 oun for s . F m 3 A djec tive or s . P F m 4 rono un or s . V F m 5 b er or s . — T D P R N B P NG A VI S O U S S YM O L S A N D S E L L I S . . , , LL BL Y R N 3 4 L ET TE S A C CE TS A N D S A E S . V L , , H Y UN P 3 5 O W E -S O D S A N D H ow T E AR E S E LT L L . H Y N N U N P 3 6 CO S O N A TA S O D S AN D H O W T E A R E S E T . N D D V T P R N A P E I X O N E I A IO S . V M N M R R FR R P R W P 1 O D S D E I E D O O E A E S P E B B . M Y M Y R F R P N N G W I I O D S O E D C O O S ITI O O R T HE A D D I O F R EF Ix s D T L . V V M M Y R R FR U N N ( A S ) I I I E I A TI E S O E TO I C A I O O TS . . . M R FR N L l ‘ 1 )I: R I VA T IV E S O A TI O O TS . D V V M G R R FR R K v E I A TI E S O E E O O TS . J L W U R IND E X O F S B E CT S A N D S E E CTED O D S — PAR T I PA R S IN G A N D A N AL YS IS . . H I C A PTE R . T N N Y U A A L S I S I N O LI E . m Thi h t th t th t d t h h k l d f s c ap er a ssu es a e s u en a s a rou g now e ge o th P rt f S h t t rt w i th e a s o p eec o s a — . W m n n y t i t 1 S t h h t h e e c e en on e person sa s so e n g o an o er . , m t t y i t i t i b i t i h h h f or pu s w a e sa s n o w r ng e u ses a co n a on o , d h i h i ll d t w or s w c s ca e a sen en ce i b F re urn s . “ H fi i h th i t l k d b t Th d fi t ere re s e ng a e a ou e w or re . , m m t i t t i d k t I t h h h h i t t ou g n a es e ng oes n o a e a sen en ce s a , . m m t I t y b y dd i d d hi i l h na e an n o ng ore s on a ng su c a w or as , . “ b ” h d fi th t i b y i h t h th i t t t u rns o e w or re a s sa y ng w a e ng , , m d t t k t (fi ) h r w n n n e oes a e ca a e a se e ce — , . m t b i t i d D f i i A i f i hi h t e in on sen en ce s a c o n a on o w or s n w c , m m t i b t i h i id h l t n n so e g s sa a ou so e g e se — . i “ m ti mm d N t Th t h h i id b a a a w c s sa ay e a n—a sser on or a c o an or , , i i m i f t h l t h t i t b a qu es o n or a w s or a n ex c a a on w a ever n a c c a n e , , , , , d by i i b m i i i F t ( th f F t b ex presse a n e ver o n e ea n ng o n e v er see iff ki d Th th fi d t f t u s ere are ve eren n s o sen enc es t v mi i ( a ) A sser i e a ffir ng or deny ng (I ndi ca tive M ood ) , . . m i fl im f m ’ A d d h h l (Afi i ) t a n s su c c ess ep en s c e y on se r a ve . . m f m H did t t h h l th (N ti ) e no ge u c e p ro o ers eg a ve . m v mm i i i i m ( 6) I ti d h b t (I ti M d ) pera e c o a n ng or pro ng p era ve oo , . . i fly mm R l h ff t ( C d A d i ) e y c e on y our ow n e or s o a n v ce . , . m D t l h th h l f th ( P h ib i ti ) o no re y u c on e e p o o ers ro on . . v k i i ( c) Interrog a ti e a s ng a qu est on ( I ndi ca tive M ood ) , . . k H fi i h d th t t i a ve y ou n s e a a s v i i (d) O t ti h ( S bj ti M d ) p a e express ng a w s u u n c ve oo , . . k i m m i Th d th l l b d y ng o co e y w e on e , . m t i m m i ( ) E l t ( I di ti M d ) e xc a a ory ex press ng so e e o on n ca ve oo , . . W f i f b h t l h ll h a a o o s e ow y ou a v e een — 2 S b j t d Pr di t E v y t h i t i u ec a n e c a e er sen en ce w en s ex . , d i f ll i t f t t S bj t d P d i t presse n u c ons s s o w o par s a u ec a n a re ca e , , . 35 G B E C . . . I P RT 2 PA RS I N G A N D A N A LYS S A I In a very Sh ort sen ten c e l i k e “ fire bu rns th e w o rd “ fire , ( h i h i l l d N ) h h l f h S bj t d w c s ca e a ou n expresses t e w o e o t e u ec a n , th d b ” ( h i h i l l d F i i t V b) h e w or u rns w c s c a e a n e er expresses t e d i t h l f h P w t o e O e re ca e . m H v t i t y d i vid d l b l b ow e er ong a sen en ce ay e can a w a s e e , m i t t t t t h h h t t t n o e sa e w o par s as e S or es sen en ce S bj t P di t u ec re ca e . (1 ) Fi b r e u rns . b m (2) A fi fi d h erc e re u rnt ow n y ou se . b ki m b d m ( 3 ) A fierc e fire rea ng o u t c o pl etely urnt ow n y , t d h r y es e ay o u se , . k m m ( 4) A fi fi dd l b l t l b t d erc e re su en y rea c o p e e y urn ow n y , y f m y i t t d t h d th i th ng ou es er a y a er ou se a n a n o ers n e m t t no o n sa e s ree , . d b k m b m ( 5 ) A fi fi d l l l d h erc e re su en y rea c o p et e y urnt ow n y ou se , f i t t d t d ll th th h i h ng o u y es er a y a er a n a e o er ou ses n t e f k m t ’ l t t t fi noon a o ur O c oc sa e s ree exc ep ve , . — bj t d d D fi i i Th S f i t t e n ons e u ec o a sen en ce s a w or or w or s d ti k b t h t en o ng w a w e Spea a ou . m d i t d d b y i t T h P i h h hi e re ca e s a w or o r w or s w c w e say so e ng b t t d t d b y bj h hi h S t t t a ou e ng en o e e u ec . — mm k b j N t 1 I th S b t i t h t t o e n g ra a r e u ec s no w a w e spea a ou . , k mm b t t h d d d ti h t b t G u e w or or w or s en o ng w a w e spea a o u ra a r . i i i f i d l l l th d d th t h t b d i l l ea s ex c u s ve y w w or s a n s a c a s o e rec o g n se n a , i i h d fi t t— e e n ons . i i N t 2 S h t G i l l t l H t h n n r o e uc a se e c e a s o s e p c a e e e . . “ i m i i S b j t t h ” ” i d t d S t l l l l t l i u ec o u or y o u s u n ers oo ore e p c a s a . i b i i b s ent enc e in w h c h th e S u j ec t a nd th e F n t e v erb a re o th u nder d t s oo — m i C h S K o pa n o n enc e H A S P E A R E , . i f T th t i l l h t O express s sen enc e n u w e a v e o sa y , m i C th h n n n o pa o go ou e c e , — m o n o r n d i v b 3 N i ti it i l t T h t a ve s equ va e e pre ca e er - . m m bj t i h f i S l f h t t t as or s u ec so e n ou n or n ou n - equ va en o e sa e mb i m i (S l Pl l) d th (F t nu er ngu a r or u ra an e sa e person rs , d i d v b i f t d S T h ) th t l Th h t t ec on or r as e er se e n o u n a s a n s , . m S bj t b i i i bl y i h N i ti v d t t as u ec o a v er s nva r a n e o na e c ase an so , m i t b i t i t i v i t t l l N t s es o c a a o n a e a onc e . b F i I re u rns . “ mi i i b b H fi i th N t t th d t ere re s e o na v e o e pre c a e-v er urns . mm m y f t A i f i l pronou n s a v er c o on o r O nou n - e qu va en i i H i t d t d e s s a n ng o u s e . W m i id ik t H i i t d t ’ S th l e c a nno sa y s s a n ng ou s e o e pronou n e . m mi i th t b i t h N t e nou n u s e n e o na ve c a se . H P A N A LYS IS IN OUTLI N E 3 C A I . m m A th f f N i i i G d V b l n o er or o o na t v e s a eru n or er a noun d i i i en ng n - ng W d lki i f h l th a ng s g o o or ea . m m ti I i v d v t S fi i i i l h o e es an n n t e s use a s an e qu a en to t e m i ti v N o n a e . T lk Ii d f h l th o w a s g o o or ea . m m S ti l ( h t i t hi h i t f t o e es a c au se a s a sen en c e w c s par o a , m t d iv i ti v i l ) i l h N Th t t t arger sen en c e s use as a n equ a en o e o n a e s . d b i t d k i ll N l h f t s ca e a oun - c au se ecause o es e w or o a n oun , — W m h th d l di P b o e go s ove e y ou ng rover — . m m m m 4 Enl r nt f N o in t i Th N i ti i a g e e o a ve e o na ve s so e . m m t d b y d d t t i i l h dd h i es en a rge a w or o r w o r s t a a so e ng to ts m i ean ng . mm m m t f t dj i T h f l i t e co on es or o en a rg e en s an a ec v e o r a m m m t i i b t f t t l d h f l h t pa r c p e an o or s o en arg e en ay o ccu r og e er A fi fi ! r r e ce e m b t d h urn ow n y ou se d A fi fi b ki t t . erce re rea ng ou y es er a y , , t v y mm m m A h f f l i t n o er er c o on or o en arge en s a n ou n or i v i h P t pron ou n n e ossess e ca se M b d t t y prospec s are no a . i A f ’ t l i f t l orc s a s O a a w ny c o ou r . m m f i i A h f l i i (i t t t n o er or o en a rg e en s a n ou n n a ppos on e . . m f i t t h hi h h ) t t t re err ng o e sa e ng as e o er nou n k J h th b k h t h n r n n w o e a e a s a e a e s op , , . f m m t i ti f d b y A h f l i l l t n o er or O en a rge en s a prepos on o o w e a nou n M t i l if t b d y prospec s n e are n o a . bi t b A d i th h d i h t i th h r n n w r w n e a s o o e u s . m m m ti d i i S l b l h N t t t o e es a c aus e can e u se o en arge e o na v e . d dj ti b T hi i ll A l i l h t t s s ca e an ec v e c au se ecau se en arges e n ou n - , dj i d l d t a s an a ec ve w ou o . b Th h i hi h li I h l d e o u se n w c w e ve a s een so . — 5 F init e V erb A n y pa rt o f a verb th a t c an b e us ed fo r . yi m t i b t m h hi l (i f h fi sa ng so e ng a ou so et ng e se n a ny O t e v e d i it h i l ) i ll F senses s ow n n s c a e n e . d “ i t m “ imi d i i t b Th fi ” l A F i t e w or n e eans e n e v er s so . c a ll ed b ec ause i t is l imi ted to th e same person (F irst S econ d or , , , m m Third) and to th e sa e nu b er (Singu la r or P lu ra l) a s its m i ti v N n o a e m m ( ) I h i ( b ) Th h i a see ey see . . . “ m b t m v b ” I n o h sente nce s th e f or O f th e er see is th e sa e .

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