Manual of Diagnostic Ultrasound in Infectious Tropical Diseases PDF
Preview Manual of Diagnostic Ultrasound in Infectious Tropical Diseases
H.T.Lutz·H.A.Gharbi ManualofDiagnosticUltrasoundinInfectiousTropicalDiseases Harald T. Lutz Hassen A. Gharbi (Editors) Manual of Diagnostic Ultrasound in Infectious Tropical Diseases With176Figuresand10Tables 123 Prof.HaraldT.Lutz KlinikumBayreuth 95445Bayreuth Germany Dr.HassenA.Gharbi RadiologyDepartmentIbnZohr RouteX2,CitéElKhadra Tunis1003 Tunisia LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2005927419 ISBN-10 3-540-24446-8 SpringerBerlinHeidelbergNewYork ISBN-13 978-3-540-24446-2 SpringerBerlinHeidelbergNewYork Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.Allrightsreserved,whetherthewholeorpartofthematerialis concerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting, reproductiononmicrofilmorinanyotherway,andstorageindatabanks.Duplicationofthispublication orpartsthereofispermittedonlyundertheprovisionsoftheGermanCopyrightLawofSeptember9, 1965,initscurrentversion,andpermissionforusemustalwaysbeobtainedfromSpringer.Violations areliableforprosecutionundertheGermanCopyrightLaw. SpringerisapartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia springeronline.com ©Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2006 PrintedinGermany Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,etc.inthispublicationdoesnot imply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Productliability:Thepublisherscannotguaranteetheaccuracyofanyinformationaboutdosageand applicationcontainedinthisbook.Ineveryindividualcasetheusermustchecksuchinformationby consultingtherelevantliterature. Editor:Dr.UteHeilmann,Heidelberg DeskEditor:WilmaMcHugh,Heidelberg Coverdesign:FridoSteinen-Broo,EStudioCalamar,Spain Typesettingandproduction:LE-TEXJelonek,Schmidt&VöcklerGbR,Leipzig,Germany Printedonacid-freepaper 21/3152/YL–543210 Foreword ItiswithgreatpleasureandpridethattheWorldFederationforUltrasound inMedicineandBiology(WFUMB)publishesthis“ManualofDiagnostic UltrasoundinInfectiousandTropicalDiseases”.Thisisabookthat will satisfy a great need that up to now has been unfulfilled. Although there are many books that deal with various aspects of ultrasound, this is the onlyonethatdealsspecificallywithinfectiousandtropicaldiseases.Itwill providemuch-neededknowledgeandinsight intheseareas. Itwillbeof especiallygreatvalueintheteachingofhealthprofessionalsinthoseparts of the world where ultrasound is just beginning to be incorporated into patientcare. ThisbookhashadthegoodfortunetobeconceivedandeditedbyDrs. LutzandGharbi.Theyareexcellentphysicianpractitionersofultrasound with much experience in teaching in the developing world. They have gatheredtogetheranoutstandingarrayofchapterauthorstocreateamost valuablebook.Alloftheauthorsaretobecongratulatedonajobwelldone. Itrustthatreadersofthisbookwillbenefitfromthematerialcontained andwillbeenabledtoprovidebettermedicalcaretotheirpatients.This iscertainlyaworthyaim,andonethatWFUMBisconstantlyworkingto achieve. MarvinC.Ziskin,M.D. President,WFUMB Preface Diagnosticultrasoundisarapidlydevelopingimagingtechnologywidely usedinbothindustrializedanddevelopingcountries,asstatedbyaWHO StudyGroupin1996.Ultrasoundisespeciallysuitableforpoorercountries even outside the centers of population, since ultrasound does not need asophisticatedinfrastructureorexpensiveinstallations,butcanbeused withtransportableunitsevenwithoutadirectbranchconnection.Ultra- soundcanbeusednotonlyasreallyuniversaldiagnosticmethodbutalso asasuitableguideforsimpleandcarefultherapeuticinterventions,notat least in infectious and parasitic diseases, such as bilharziosis, amebiasis orhydatiddisease.Themethodissafeconcerningthebioeffects,butthe safetyofadiagnostictoolalsodependsontheaccuracyoftheresults,i.e., ontheexperienceandtheskillofthepersonsusingtheequipment. ThereforetheWorldFederationofUltrasoundinMedicineandBiology (WFUMB)isfocusingupon(biological)safetyanduponeducationaswell, incooperationwiththeWHO. The stimulus to publish this small manual came from an African col- league during an ultrasound course organized by the WFUMB. He said thereexistedanumberofniceandsuitablemanualsandbooksaboutul- trasoundingeneral,buthehadnotfoundasmallmanualdealingwiththe specificinfectiousdiseasescommoninsubtropicalandtropicalregions. Following his proposal, we set out to design a small manual on these topics,notforthebiglibraries,butfordirectuseduringtheexamination. Itshouldhelpourcolleaguesworkingintheseareasandshouldencourage them to use ultrasound on a large scale, including interventional ultra- sound,forthebenefitoftheirpatients. For us it was really a great experience to find that all our colleagues, individual members of the WFUMB from all parts of the world, agreed withoutreservationtocooperateinwritingthismanual.Wereallydohope that it was possible to distill the long experience of all these colleagues VIII Preface inthissmallmanual.Atthesametime,werecognizethatthiswasafirst attempt.Therefore,weinviteallcolleaguestohelpustoeradicatemistakes andfurtherimprovethemanualinthefuture. HaraldT.Lutz HassenA.Gharbi Acknowledgements The editors would like to thank Drs. R. Badea, Cluj-Napoca, Romania, Gertrud Jechart, Augsburg, Germany and Gebhard Mathis, Hohenems, Austriaforthecourteousnesstosupportuswithinterestingimages. The editors thank all the colleagues in the board of the WFUMB for encouraging, supporting and advising us, during the preparation of the manual. Theeditorsexpresstheirspecialappreciationofthevaluableandselfless helpofPeterN.T.Wells.Withhisgreatexperienceaseditorinchiefofthe officialjournalUMBoftheWFUMB,hecheckedthemanuscriptsarriving fromthedifferentpartsoftheworldverycarefullyandgaveusmanyuseful andgoodadvice. HaraldT.Lutz HassenA.Gharbi Contents 1 BasicsofUltrasound ..................................... 1 1.1 PhysicalandTechnicalPrincipals .......................... 1 1.2 ImagingTechniques...................................... 4 1.3 GeneralRemarksandRecommendationsonExamination Technique............................................... 8 1.3.1 Applications ...................................... 8 1.3.2 Preparation....................................... 8 1.3.3 Positioning ....................................... 9 1.3.4 CouplingAgents................................... 9 1.3.5 GeneralRecommendationsandGuidelines forUltrasoundExaminations(TwelveGoldenRules)... 10 1.4 InterventionalUltrasound ................................ 11 1.4.1 Technique ........................................ 12 1.4.2 EvaluationoftheAspiratedMaterial ................. 13 1.4.3 Hazards .......................................... 15 1.5 Safety .................................................. 16 1.5.1 UltrasoundEffects................................. 16 2 TypicalSonographicFindingsinInflammatoryDiseases ..... 21 2.1 PathologyofInflammation,CommonFindings .............. 21 2.2 UltrasonicFindings ...................................... 22 2.3 Organ-relatedUltrasonicFindings ......................... 27 2.3.1 LymphNodes ..................................... 27 2.3.2 Spleen ........................................... 32 2.3.3 LungandPleura................................... 36 2.3.4 LiverandBiliaryTract ............................. 42 2.3.5 GastrointestinalTract .............................. 49 2.3.6 Kidney ........................................... 57 XII Contents 3 UltrasoundDiagnosisofSpecialInfectious andParasiticDiseases......................................... 63 3.1 BacterialInfections ...................................... 63 3.1.1 UltrasoundinExtrapulmonaryTuberculosis.......... 63 3.2 ViralInfections .......................................... 71 3.2.1 AIDSandSonography ............................. 71 3.2.2 ViralHepatitis .................................... 80 3.2.3 DengueFever ..................................... 89 3.3 ParasiticDiseases ........................................ 93 3.3.1 Amebiasis ........................................ 93 3.3.2 Trypanosomiasis .................................. 103 3.3.3 Ascariasis ........................................ 109 3.3.4 BancroftianFilariasis .............................. 115 3.3.5 LiverTrematodeInfection(LiverDistosomiasis)....... 123 3.3.6 Schistosomiasis ................................... 130 3.3.7 Echinococcosis.................................... 143 4 UltrasoundFeaturesinChildhoodInfection ................ 159 4.1 UltrasoundinOsteomyelitis............................... 159 4.2 UltrasoundinBrainInfectioninNeonatesandInfants........ 161 4.2.1 Cytomegalovirus .................................. 162 4.2.2 Toxoplasmosis .................................... 162 4.2.3 HerpesSimplexVirus .............................. 162 4.2.4 CongenitalRubella ................................ 163 4.2.5 Meningitis........................................ 163 4.2.6 EncephalitisandBrainAbscess...................... 165 4.2.7 ViralEncephalitis ................................. 166 4.3 UltrasoundinAbdominalandGastrointestinalInfections..... 166 Glossary..................................................... 169 SuggestedReading............................................ 173 WorldFederationforUltrasoundinMedicineandBiology......... 177 SubjectIndex ................................................ 179
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