Mantle Plumes and Their Record in Earth History PDF
Preview Mantle Plumes and Their Record in Earth History
P1:FYX/FYX P2:FYX/UKS QC:FYX/UKS T1:FYX CB389-FM CB389-Condie August25,2001 15:0 CharCount=0FullService ii P1:FYX/FYX P2:FYX/UKS QC:FYX/UKS T1:FYX CB389-FM CB389-Condie August25,2001 15:0 CharCount=0FullService MantlePlumesandTheirRecordinEarthHistory Inrecentyearsanenormousamountofdatahavebeenpublishedrelatedtomantle plumes,bothmodernandancient.Somesignificantquestionshavearisen.Could the Earth have been more like Mars and Venus during the Archean? Instead of coolingprincipallybyplatetectonicsasitdoestoday,didtheArcheanEarthcool chieflybyrisingmantleplumes?Howdoweidentifytheeffectsofmantleplumes inthegeologicrecord?Didplumeshavearoleinthegrowthofcontinents?Are largemantleplumeeventsrecordedinthegeologicrecord,and,ifso,whatwerethe consequencesoftheseeventsintermsofouratmosphere,oceans,andbiosphere? MantlePlumesandTheirRecordinEarthHistoryprovidesatimelyandcom- prehensivereviewoftheoriginandhistoryofmantleplumesthroughoutgeologic time. This book describes the new and exciting results of the last few years and integratesanimmenseamountofmaterialfromthefieldsofgeology,geophysics, andgeochemistrythatbearonmantleplumes.Includedarechaptersonhotspots and mantle upwelling, large igneous provinces (including examples from Mars and Venus), mantle plume generation and melting in plumes, plumes as tracers of mantle processes, plumes and continental growth, Archean mantle plumes, superplumes, and mantle plume events in Earth history and their effect on the atmosphere,oceans,andlifeinthegeologicpast. Thisbookwillbevaluableasatextbookforadvancedundergraduateandgrad- uate courses in geophysics, geochemistry, and geology and will also serve as a referenceforresearchersintheEarthsciencesfromavarietyofdisciplines. Kent Condie is Professor of Geochemistry at New Mexico Institute of Min- ing and Technology, where he has taught since 1970. Before then he was at Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri. His textbook Plate Tectonics and Crustal Evolution, which is widely used in upper division and graduate courses in the Earth sciences, was first published in 1976 and has gone through four editions–themostrecentin1997.WithcoauthorRobertSloan,Condiehasalso writtenabeginningtextbookingeologyentitledOriginandEvolutionofEarth: PrinciplesofHistoricalGeology,whichwaspublishedin1998.Inaddition,Condie haswrittenatreatise,ArcheanGreenstoneBelts(1981),andhaseditedtwobooks, ProterozoicCrustalEvolution(1992)andArcheanCrustalEvolution(1994).He isalsotheauthorofthepopularinteractiveCDRom,PlateTectonicsandHowthe EarthWorks.Condie’sresearch,primarilydealingwiththeoriginandevolutionof continents and the early history of the Earth, has over the years been sponsored chieflybytheU.S.NationalScienceFoundation.Heisauthororcoauthorofmore than250articlespublishedinscientificjournals. i P1:FYX/FYX P2:FYX/UKS QC:FYX/UKS T1:FYX CB389-FM CB389-Condie August25,2001 15:0 CharCount=0FullService Mantle Plumes and Their Record in Earth History KENT C. CONDIE DepartmentofEarthandEnvironmentalScience NewMexicoInstituteofMiningandTechnology Socorro,NewMexico iii P1:FYX/FYX P2:FYX/UKS QC:FYX/UKS T1:FYX CB389-FM CB389-Condie August25,2001 15:0 CharCount=0FullService PUBLISHEDBYTHEPRESSSYNDICATEOFTHEUNIVERSITYOFCAMBRIDGE ThePittBuilding,TrumpingtonStreet,Cambridge,UnitedKingdom CAMBRIDGEUNIVERSITYPRESS TheEdinburghBuilding,CambridgeCB22RU,UK 40West20thStreet,NewYork,NY10011-4211,USA 10StamfordRoad,Oakleigh,VIC3166,Australia RuizdeAlarco´n13,28014Madrid,Spain DockHouse,TheWaterfront,CapeTown8001,SouthAfrica http://www.cambridge.org (cid:2)C CambridgeUniversityPress2001 Thisbookisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithout thewrittenpermissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished2001 PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica TypefaceTimesNewRomanPS10.5/13pt. SystemLATEX2ε [TB] AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationData Condie,KentC. Mantleplumesandtheirrecordinearthhistory/KentC.Condie. p. cm. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN0-521-80604-6–ISBN0-521-01472-7(pbk.) 1.Mantleplumes. I.Title. QE527.7.C66 2001 (cid:3) 551.116–dc21 2001025504 ISBN0521806046hardback ISBN0521014727paperback iv P1:FYX/FYX P2:FYX/UKS QC:FYX/UKS T1:FYX CB389-FM CB389-Condie August25,2001 15:0 CharCount=0FullService Contents Preface pagexi 1 Introduction 1 GeneralFeaturesofMantlePlumes 1 PlumeNomenclature 2 InternalStructureoftheMantle 3 AnOverview 3 TheLithosphere 5 TheLow-VelocityZone 5 The410-kmDiscontinuity 7 The660-kmDiscontinuity 8 TheLowerMantle 9 GeneralFeatures 9 TheD(cid:3)(cid:3) Layer 9 PlumesandConvectionintheMantle 11 OrganizationalStrategy 12 2 HotspotsandMantleUpwellings 14 Introduction 14 HotspotCharacteristics 14 HotspotTracks 16 Hawaiian–EmperorVolcanicChain 16 LouisvilleVolcanicChain 19 EasterVolcanicChain 19 Austral–CookandSocietyVolcanicChains 20 ContinentalHotspotTracks 20 Yellowstone 23 SeamountArrays 24 HotspotSwells 25 HotspotVolcanoes 27 HotspotMagmaComposition 28 v P1:FYX/FYX P2:FYX/UKS QC:FYX/UKS T1:FYX CB389-FM CB389-Condie August25,2001 15:0 CharCount=0FullService vi Contents SeismicityandTectonicsofHotspots 30 Hawaii 30 Yellowstone 32 Plume–HotspotRelationships 33 Plume–RidgeInteractions 37 TheHotspotReferenceFrame 39 TruePolarWander 42 HotspotOrigin 42 VenusianHotspots 43 MantleUpwellings 44 Introduction 44 Superswells 45 GeoidAnomalies 46 Seismic-WaveandDensityAnomalies 48 ThePacificUpwelling 50 TheAfricanUpwelling 50 DescendingSlabsandMantleUpwellings 51 GeotectonicBipolarity 51 PlumesinPerspective 52 3 LargeIgneousProvinces 54 Introduction 54 CharacteristicsofFloodBasalts 57 LIPEruptionRates 59 CrustalStructureofOceanicPlateaus 59 SeismicStructure 59 CompositionoftheDeepCrust 62 LithosphericRoots 63 ExamplesofLargeIgneousProvinces 64 ColumbiaRiverBasalts 64 NorthAtlanticIgneousProvince 67 OntongJavaandHikurangiPlateaus 69 GeneralFeatures 69 TectonicHistory 70 TheOntong–AustralianPlateCollision 72 HikurangiPlateau 72 SiberianTraps 75 Parana´–EtendekaFloodBasalts 76 DeccanTraps 78 KerguelenPlateau 79 Karoo–FerrarProvince 82 EthiopianandEastAfricanPlateaus 85 PlumesandSediments 87 P1:FYX/FYX P2:FYX/UKS QC:FYX/UKS T1:FYX CB389-FM CB389-Condie August25,2001 15:0 CharCount=0FullService Contents vii LIPSonMarsandVenus 88 MartianLIPS 89 VenusianLIPS 92 GiantDykeSwarms 95 Introduction 95 RelationshipofDykeSwarmstoPlumes 97 DykeSwarmsonVenusandMars 100 LargeLayeredIntrusions 103 TheMuskoxIntrusion 104 TheBushveldComplex 104 GeneralFeatures 104 Crystallization 105 APlumeOrigin 106 Kimberlites,Diamonds,andMantlePlumes 106 LIPMagmaComposition 107 LIPMineralDeposits 111 LIPSinPerspective 112 4 MantlePlumeGenerationandMelting 115 Introduction 115 PlumeCharacteristics 115 ExperimentalModels 115 NumericalModels 118 Uplift,Deformation,andSubsidence 118 GeneralFeatures 118 LaboratoryModels 119 FieldandDatingEvidence 119 WrinkleRidges 121 HowFastDoPlumesRise? 122 HowLongDoPlumesSurvive? 122 EntrainmentinPlumes 123 PlumeRoots 125 SeismicEvidence 125 OsmiumIsotopeEvidence 127 PlumeFamiliesandHead–TailDetachments 127 PlumeTemperatures 128 PhaseTransitionsandPlumes 129 HardTurbulenceandPlumes 131 EffectofPlanetaryRotationonPlumeDistribution 132 MeltinginMantlePlumes 133 Introduction 133 Rift-RelatedMelting 134 MeltinginaMantlePlume 136 P1:FYX/FYX P2:FYX/UKS QC:FYX/UKS T1:FYX CB389-FM CB389-Condie August25,2001 15:0 CharCount=0FullService viii Contents PlumeswithEclogite 137 Lithosphere–PlumeInteractions 138 PlumeErosionoftheLithosphere 138 DehydrationMeltingoftheLithosphere 139 DepthofMelting 140 MagmaCompositionandPlumeMelting 141 DoWeNeedMorePlumeModeling? 143 5 PlumesasTracersofMantleProcesses 145 Introduction 145 IdentifyingOceanicMantleComponentswithIsotopicTracers 146 AnOverview 146 DepletedMantle 147 HIMUMantle 148 EnrichedMantle 148 HeliumIsotopes 149 TheDupalAnomaly 150 Summary 152 LithosphereandCrustalContributionstoPlumes 152 Introduction 152 TraceElements 152 Overview 152 Nb/URatiosintheMantle 154 Th/TaandLa/YbRatios 156 NdandSrIsotopes 159 High-andLow-TiBasalts 162 OxygenIsotopes 163 OsmiumIsotopes 163 Summary 164 MixingintheMantle 165 NewIdeasonMantleConvection 167 6 MantlePlumesandContinentalGrowth 170 Introduction 170 AccretedOceanicPlateaus 171 CaribbeanOceanicPlateau 171 TectonicOverview 171 MantleSources 172 TectonicHistoryoftheCaribbeanPlateau 174 AccretedOceanicPlateausintheAmericanCordillera 175 WrangelliaTerrane 175 AngayuchamTerrane 177 BridgeRiverTerrane 178 SiletzTerrane 179 AccretedOceanicPlateausinJapan 179 HowDoContinentsGrow? 182 P1:FYX/FYX P2:FYX/UKS QC:FYX/UKS T1:FYX CB389-FM CB389-Condie August25,2001 15:0 CharCount=0FullService Contents ix Plume-RelatedUnderplatingduringSupercontinentBreakup 183 AccretionofPlumeHeadstotheLithosphere 185 OceanicPlateausandContinentalGrowth 186 OceanicPlateausasLowerContinentalCrust 186 MakingContinentalCrustfromOceanicPlateaus 190 DiscussionofOceanicPlateauAccretion 191 WhattheFutureHolds 193 7 MantlePlumesintheArchean 195 Introduction 195 TrackingPlumesintotheArcheanwithGreenstones 195 Overview 195 GreenstoneLithologicAssociations 196 GreenstoneGeochemistry 198 Komatiites 202 Overview 202 HeadsIt’sBasalts,TailsIt’sKomatiites 202 Geochemistry 203 ArcheanFloodBasalts 206 Plume-HeadUnderplatingoftheLithosphere 208 SecularChangesintheMantle 208 TheAppearanceofEnrichedMantle 208 KomatiitesasGeothermometers 210 HowHotWastheArcheanMantle? 211 WastheArcheanMantleIron-Rich? 212 WereMantlePlumesMoreWidespreadintheArchean? 214 AFinalWord 215 8 SuperplumeEvents 216 PlumesandSupercontinents 216 Introduction 216 MantlePlumesandSupercontinentBreakup 216 LargePlatesandMantleUpwelling 220 TheSupercontinentCycle 222 EpisodicCrustalGrowth 223 TheMid-CretaceousSuperplumeEvent 227 WhatIsaSuperplumeEvent? 229 PrecambrianSuperplumeEvents 229 KimberlitesandSuperplumes 230 InitiationofSuperplumeEvents 231 SlabAvalanches 231 CoreRotationalDynamics 231 ASuperplumeEventModel 232 SuperplumeEventsandSupercontinents 235 TheFirstSupercontinent 237 TheGrenvilleEventat1Ga 238
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