Page 3 Man's Most Dangerous Myth The Fallacy of Race SIXTH EDITION Ashley Montagu Page 4 Some images in the original version of this book are not available for inclusion in the netLibrary eBook. Copyright © 1997 by Ashley Montagu All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. For information address: AltaMira Press A Division of Sage Publications, Inc. 1630 North Main Street, Suite 367 Walnut Creek, CA 94596 [email protected] SAGE Publications Ltd. 6 Bonhill Street London EC2A 4PU United Kingdom SAGE Publications India Pvt. Ltd. M32 Market Greater Kailash 1 New Delhi 110 048 India PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Library of Congress CataloginginPublication Data Montagu, Ashley, 1905– Man's most dangerous myth : the fallacy of race / Ashley Montagu. —6th ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0803946473 (cloth).—ISBN 0803946481 (pbk.) 1. Race. 2. Race relations. I. Title. GN280.M59 1998 599.97—dc21 9721132 CIP Typeset by Letra Libre Cover design by Joanna Ebenstein Page 5 Contents Acknowledgments 7 About the Author 9 Foreword to the First Edition 11 by Aldous Huxley Foreword to the Sixth Edition 13 by C. Loring Brace Preface to the Sixth Edition 25 by John H. Stanfield II Introduction 31 1 41 The Origin of the Concept of Race 2 99 The Fallaciousness of the Older Anthropological Conception of Race 3 111 The Genetical Theory of Race 4 121 The Biological Facts 5 145 Natural Selection and the Mental Capacities of Humankind 6 155 The Mythology of Race, or "For Whom the Bell Tolls" 7 175 Race and Society 8 193 Biological and Social Factors 9 225 Psychological Factors 10 253 The Creative Power of Ethnic Mixture 11 297 Eugenics, Genetics, and Race 12 311 Race and Culture 13 325 Race and War 14 359 Race and Blood 15 369 Innate Aggression and Race 16 391 Myths Relating to the Physical Traits of Blacks 17 417 Are the Jews a Race? Page 6 18 439 The First Americans 19 453 The Meaning of Equal Opportunity 20 461 Race and Democracy 21 473 Racism and Social Action 22 483 Sociocultural Behavioral Influences 23 507 Intelligence, IQ and Race Appendix A 521 Ethnic Group and Race Appendix B 531 The Fallacy of the Primitive Appendix C 537 The Term Miscegenation Appendix D 539 Intelligence of Northern Blacks and Southern Whites in the First World War Bibliography 567 Index 679 Page 7 Acknowledgments To Leonard Lieberman, Professor of Anthropology at Central Michigan University, my heartfelt thanks for his devoted reading of and commentary on every chapter of this book, and for his always helpful suggestions. I am similarly indebted to Professor of Sociology Larry T. Reynolds at Central Michigan University. To John Stanfield, Professor of Sociology at the University of California at Davis, I am similarly obliged. Their gentle ministrations have made this book a much better one than it would have otherwise been. To Elaine and Harry Mensh I am indebted for their help in the revision of chapter 6; to Troy Johnson of the American Indian Studies Program at California State University, Long Beach for his admirable revision of chapter 18 on the status of the American Indian. To Louise Schaeffer, Librarian of the Biology Library at Princeton University, I am greatly indebted for bibliographical help; also to Mary Chaikin, Librarian of the Psychological Library at Princeton; to the reference librarians at Firestone Library of Princeton University; to Louise Yorke, Librarian of the Princeton Medical Center; to the reference librarians at the Princeton public library, all for their bibliographical help so generously given. To Mitch Allen, my editor and publisher, I am most grateful for his advice and patience beyond the call of duty. To Erik Hanson I am similarly grateful. To Pattie Rechtman, my copyeditor, I am enormously indebted for her microscopic eye, and for keeping me in order, much to the benefit of this book. Above all, my gratitude goes to my wife, Marjorie, for her heroic endurance, over the course of six years in the making of this revision, of the colossal untidiness of my study and its overflow into the adjoining dining room. ASHLEY MONTAGU PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY SEPTEMBER 1997 Page 9 About the Author Ashley Montagu (1905–) ranks as one of the most influential public intellectuals of the twentieth century. Of British origin but an American resident since 1930 and a naturalized citizen since 1940, Montagu has written or edited over 80 books, many in multiple editions, and thousands of research articles, magazine pieces, book chapters, letters, commentaries, and lectures in a career that has spanned threefourths of this century. Among his best known booklength works are The Natural Superiority of Women, Touching, and The Elephant Man, but he has also authored key professional volumes and textbooks in physical anthropology, cultural anthropology, human evolution, and anatomy. His intellectual contributions also have been felt in an enormous range of other fields including prenatal and infant development, aging, the role of culture in evolution, the evolutionary development of human behavior, the basic behavioral needs, human nature and genetics, education, history of science, humananimal relations, sociobiology, American culture, emotions, computers, and nuclear disarmament. In the area of race relations, it can be argued that Ashley Montagu is the most important theorist of the twentieth century. The initial publication of Man's Most Dangerous Myth, at the height of Nazism in 1942, radically challenged the idea that race was a determinant of human behavior, a position he championed almost alone for decades until it became accepted wisdom. Through subsequent editions of the book, his other works on race, and his authorship of the seminal UNESCO Statement on Race, Montagu's work has become foundational for those who study the learned dimensions of human behavior. Ashley Montagu received a Ph.D. from Columbia University, taught anthropology at New York University, Harvard University, Princeton University, Rutgers University, and other places, and is the recipient of honorary awards and degrees from organizations around the globe. Page 11 Foreword to the First Edition, 1942 by Aldous Huxley Dr. Ashley Montagu's book possesses two great merits, rarely found in current discussions of human problems. Where most writers oversimplify, he insists on the principle of multiple and interlocking causation. And where most assume that "facts will speak for themselves," he makes it clear that facts are mere ventriloquists' dummies, and can be made to justify any course of action that appeals to the socially conditioned passions of the individuals concerned. These two truths are sufficiently obvious; but they are seldom recognized, for the good reason that they are very depressing. To recognize the first truth is to recognize the fact that there are no panaceas and that therefore most of the golden promises made by political reformers and revolutionaries are illusory. And to recognize the truth that facts do not speak for themselves, but only as men's socially conditioned passions dictate, is to recognize that our current educational processes can do very little to ameliorate the state of the world. In the language of traditional theology (so much more realistic, in many respects, than the "liberal" philosophies which replaced it), most ignorance is voluntary and depends upon acts of the conscious or subconscious will. Thus, the fallacies underlying the propaganda of racial hatred are not recognized because, as Dr. Montagu points out, most people have a desire to act aggressively, and the members of other ethnic groups are convenient victims, whom one may attack with a good conscience. This desire to act aggressively has its origins in the largely unavoidable frustrations imposed upon the individual by the processes of early education frustrations imposed upon the individual by the processes of early education and later adjustments to the social environment. Dr. Montagu might have added that aggressiveness pays a higher dividend in emotional satisfaction than does cooperation. Cooperation may produce a mild emotional glow; but the indulgence of aggressiveness can be the equivalent of a drinkingbout or sexual orgy. In our industrial societies, the goodness of life is measured in terms of the number and intensity of the excitements experienced. (Popular philosophy is molded by, and finds expression in, the advertising pages of popular magazines. Significantly enough, Page 12 the word that occurs more frequently in those pages than any other is "thrill.") Like sex and alcohol, aggressiveness can give enormous thrills. Under existing social conditions, it is therefore easy to represent aggressiveness as good. Concerning the remedies for the social diseases he has so penetratingly diagnosed, Dr. Montagu says very little, except that they will have to consist in some process of education. But what process? It is hoped that he will answer this question at length in another work. Page 13 Foreword to the Sixth Edition by C. Loring Brace Well over half a century ago—two full generations—the world was in the midst of the colossal armed conflict of World War II. The instigator of its European manifestation was Germany under the leadership of Adolf Hitler and his Nazi Party. The basic motive behind Germany's actions was the belief, repeatedly articulated by Hitler, that Germans were a "master race" which had the right to take precedence over their neighbors because of their innate superiority. 1 In this regard, World War II was a resumption of the aspirations that had led to the outbreak of World War I in 1914 and which had not been extinguished by the German defeat of 1918. In Germany, there had been no sense that their role in generating World War I had been unjustified, and there was a comparable failure to face the fact that the war had been fairly lost. Instead, the scenario was constructed that their inability to continue generating the weaponry and personnel necessary for victory had been caused by a "stabintheback" on the part of the "international financial community," a code name for "the Jews," themselves stigmatized as an "inferior race.''2 Adolf Hitler took full advantage of this current of "racial" mythology and, in a masterfully murderous ploy of mass psychology, mobilized the German state to cleanse itself from "the enemy within"—the Jews—and charge forth in an attempt to gain control of the rest of the world. As a part of this overall plan, Jews were rounded up and shipped to concentration camps in the eastern part of Germany, in Czechoslovakia, and especially in Poland where they were killed by the millions. The whole appalling phenomenon came to be known as "The Holocaust."3 This marked the first time in human history that a whole segment of the human species was earmarked for systematic extermination solely on the basis of what was perceived to be its "race." At the very time that this was being carried out, Ashley Montagu produced the first edition of what is arguably his most important book, Man's Most Dangerous Myth: The Fallacy of Race.4 In this work, Ashley Montagu was the first to articulate in fully developed fashion the fact that, despite almost universal belief to the contrary, the concept of "race" as applied to
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