Manned Laboratories in Space: Second International Orbital laboratory Symposium

144 Pages·1969·3.422 MB·English

by  R. R. Gilruth (auth.), S. Fred Singer (eds.)

MANNED LABORATORIES IN SPACE
Symposium Organized by the International Academy of Astronautics
ASTROPHYSICS AND
SPACE SCIENCE LIBRARY
A SERIES OF BOOKS ON THE RECENT DEVELOPMENTS
OF SPACE SCIENCE AND OF GENERAL GEOPHYSICS AND ASTROPHYSICS
PUBLISHED IN CONNECTION WITH THE JOURNAL
SPACE SCIENCE REVIEWS
Editorial Board
J. E. BLAMONT, Laboratoire d'Aeronomie, Verrieres, France
R. L. F. BOYD, University College, London, England
L. GOLDBERG, Harvard College Observatory, Cambridge, Mass., USA
C. DE JAGER, University of Utrecht, Holland
Z. KOPAL, University of Manchester, Manchester, England
G. H. LUDWIG, NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md., USA
R. LOST, Institut fur Extraterrestrische Physik, Garching-Miinchen, Germany
B. M. MCCORMAC, Geophysics Division, IlT Research Institute, Chicago, Ill., USA
H. E. NEWELL, NASA, Washington, D.C., USA
L. I. SEDOV, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Moscow, USSR
Z. SVESTKA, Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, Ondi'ejov, Czechoslovakia
Secretary of the Editorial Board
W. DE GRAAFF, Sterrewacht 'Sonnenborgh', University of Utrecht, Utrecht, Holland
VOLUME 16
MANNED
LABORATORIES IN SPACE
Second International Orbital Laboratory Symposium
Organized by the
INTERNATIONAL ACADEMY OF ASTRONAUTICS
at the XIXth International Astronautical Congress
New York, 18 October 1968
Edited by
s.
FRED SINGER
D. REIDEL PUBLISHING COMPANY
DORDRECHT -HOLLAND
ISBN-13: 978-94-010-3422-7 e-ISBN-I 3 :978-94-0 I 0-3420-3
DOl: 10.1007978-94-010-3420-3
© 1969. D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht, Holland
Softcovcr reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2007
No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm,
or any other means, without written permission from the publisher
The low-salinity wedge and the coast of Georgia. The Atlantic Ocean and the coast of Georgia
taken during the flight of the Apollo S02 unmanned spacecraft, April 4, 1968, with a 70-mm focal
length lens. (NASA color photograph AS6-2-148S.) See also the paper by Wenk, below, pp. 68-74.
PREFACE
The publication of this book is extremely timely, for the next major advances in
manned space flight after Project Apollo will most likely be made in earth orbital
operations.
Manned exploration of the moon will certainly continue after the initial landing,
but it will be performed essentially with the Saturn V launch vehicles and Apollo
spacecraft developed in Apollo, especially in the early phases. Modifications to this
basic hardware will increase operating capabilities to permit extensive lunar explo
ration during prolonged stay times by the astronauts on the moon's surface.
Manned orbital space stations have been studied for years, and NASA is already
well along in development of its first attempt to provide more spacious accommo
dations for astronaut-scientists in its Saturn Workshop program.
While the Workshop is certainly not the ultimate space station of which our
technology is capable, it is a workable, poor man's approach to the immediate need
for using and expanding our present manned space flight capability without a de
trimentalloss of momentum. The approach of converting a Saturn rocket stage into
a manned laboratory and observatory in space is an improvisation that matches the
use of the jerry-built Jupiter C back in 1958 to launch Explorer I. Let's hope that it
can get the job done just as effectively.
I believe that the Workshop will prove valuable as a research tool for increasing
our knowledge of the effective integration of man into the total system. The results
should help determine the systems configuration and operational approach for true
space stations such as those envisioned in this volume.
WERNHER VON BRAUN
EDITOR'S PROLOGUE
As I write this prologue, we stand at the threshold of man's first step onto another
celestial body. As you read these words, this historic step will have been taken. The
word 'historic' may sound a little trite perhaps, but it will be considered as a historic
event a hundred years from now, a thousand years from now, and for as long as the
history of mankind is written.
Manned spaceflight began with Yuri Gagarin's orbit around the earth in Vostok 1
in April 1961. Many other flights have followed, with increasing complexity and in
creasing number of tasks for the occupants (see Table I). The concept of a manned
laboratory in space has become firmly established as a logical outgrowth of these
pioneering flights.
Almost at the eve of the manned lunar landing, on October 18, 1968, the International
Academy of Astronautics arranged a Symposium on Manned Space Laboratories
in New York City. As program chairman, I commissioned and arranged the lectures
and added three further papers to make up this volume. We start with an overview
of manned space programs by Dr. Robert Gilruth, Director of the Manned Spacecraft
Center of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration in Houston, Texas.
The following papers fall into four major areas: First, the various applications of a
manned orbiting laboratory for observations of the earth and its terrain, of the
oceans, and of the atmosphere. Next follows a discussion of the manned astronomical
laboratory for the observations of objects beyond the earth.
The third area is technologically oriented and discusses the design problems of a
manned space station in a comprehensive fashion. The final area concerns the use of
a manned space station as a stepping stone for manned planetary flight, with a particu
lar case being made to adopt a flyby of Mars and Venus as a next major space goal.
The papers in the volume are addressed to the general reader, but contain a great
deal which will be of interest to the technological specialist, as well as to the geophys
icist and astronomer. The volume presents a 'snapshot' as it were, of the thinking
which prevailed just before man set foot on the moon. It represents a record and
projection, an assessment and a prediction, taken at the beginning of the second
decade of the space age. Some years from now, when we look back on the thoughts
expressed by the contributors to this volume, we will be able to judge whether they
were visionary or conservative, fantastic or realistic.
S. FRED SINGER
Washington, D.C., June 1969
S 5
t!I 0 ::i 0 := CA-"0 := 0 c::: t!I
Status Re-entered4/12/61; first manned space flight, cabin with Y. Gaga-rin recovered in USSR after 1 orbit, 1.8 hours. Re-entered 8/7/61 ; G. Titov 17 orbits, 25.3 hours. landed after Re-entered 9/13/61; recovered from ocean after 1 orbit. Re-entered 2/20/62; first U.S. manned orbital mission, Glenn J. and 'Friendship recovered 7' after 3 orbits, 4.9 hours. Re-entered 5/24/62; 'Aurora 7' and S. Carpenter recovered after 3 orbits, 4.9 hours; landed 250 miles from target. Re-entered 8/15/62; A. Nikola-yev landed by parachute after 64 orbits, 94.4 hours; part of first Soviet 'group' flight. Re-entered 8/15/62; P. Popovich landed by parachute after 48 orbits, 71.0 hours; came within 3.1 miles of Vostok 3 on orbit 1. Re-entered 10/3/62; 'Sigma 7' with W. Schirra recovered within 5 miles of carrier after 6 orbits, 9.2 hours. 'Faith Re-entered 5/16/63; 7' with G. Cooper recovered L. after 22 orbits, 34.3 hours; com-pleted Mercury program.
Inc!. 65.0 64.9 32.6 32.5 32.5 65 65 32.5 32.5
e
e
g
Apo 203 160 159 163 167 156 158 176 166
e
e
erig 12 11 00 00 00 14 12 00 00
a P 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
dat d
bital Perio 89.1 88.6 88.6 88.5 88.3 88.5 88.5 89.0 88.5
r
BLE I Initial o Weight 10417 10430 2700 2987 2975 10410 10423 3029 3033
TA Vehicle A-I A-I Atlas D Atlas D Atlas D A-I A-I Atlas D Atlas D
m m m m
a a a a
a Site Tyurat Tyurat ETR ETR ETR Tyurat Tyurat ETR ETR
at
Launch d Date 4/12/61 8/6/61 9/13/61 2/20/62 5/24/62 8/11/62 8/12/62 10/3/62 5/15/63
R R A A A R R A A
Proj. dir. USS USS NAS NAS NAS USS USS NAS NAS
Int'l desig. 1961 M1 1961 T1 1961 AAI 1962 1 1962 T1 AMI 1962 1962 ANI 1962 B 1 1963 15A
4 6 7 8 9
as as as as as
Atl Atl Atl Atl Atl
Name Vostok 1 Vostok 2 Mercury- Mercury- Mercury- Vostok 3 Vostok 4 Mercury- Mercury-
ttl tl ~. '" 'C ~ S 0 c: ttl x
Status Re-entered 6/19/63; V. Bykovs-ky landed by parachute after 81 orbits, 119.1 hours; part of sec-ond 'group' flight. Re-entered 6/19/63; V. Teresh-kova landed by parachute after 48 orbits, 70.8 hours; passed within 3 miles of Vostok 5. Re-entered 10/13/64; first three-man crew -V. Komarov, K. Feokistov, B. Yegorov; landed after 16 orbits, 24.3 hours. Re-entered 3/19/65; A. Leonov spent 20 minutes outside space-craft, landed with P. Belyayev after 17 orbits, 26.0 hours. Re-entered 3/23/65; first manned orbital maneuvers, V. Grissom and J. Young landed after 3 or-bits, 4.9 hours. Re-entered 6/7/65; E. White per-formed 21-minute EVA experi-ment, landed with J. McDivitt after 66 orbits, 97.9 hours. Re-entered first ex-8/29/65; L. tended U.S. manned flight, G. Cooper and C. Conrad landed after 128 orbits, 190.9 hours. Re-entered 12/18/65; F. Borman and J. Lovell went record 220 orbits, 330.6 hours; served as Gemini 6 rendezvous target.
Incl. 65 65 65 65 32.5 32.0 32.6 28.9
e
e
Apog 146 145 254 308 140 175 195 204
e
e
a Perig 112 114 111 107 100 100 104 100
dat d
bital Perio 88.4 88.3 90.1 90.9 88.2 89.0 89.5 89.2
r
Initial o Weight 10406 10390 11728 12527 7111 7879 7947 8076
cle n II n II n II n II
Vehi A-I A-I A-2 A-2 Tita Tita Tita Tita
m m m m
a a a a
a Site Tyurat Tyurat Tyurat Tyurat ETR ETR ETR ETR
at
Launch d Date 6/14/63 6/16/63 10/12/64 3/18/65 3/23/65 6/3/65 8/21/65 12/4/65
R R R R A A A A
Proj. dir. USS USS USS USS NAS NAS NAS NAS
d) Int'I desig. 196320A 196323A 1964 65A 196522A 196524A 196543A 196568A 1965100A
e
u
n
Table 1 (conti Name Vostok 5 Vostok 6 Voskhod 1 Voskhod 2 Gemini 3 Gemini 4 Gemini 5 Gemini 7
>< ~ ~. >0 ~ 5 Gl g
Status Re-entered 12/16/65; W. Schirra and T. Stafford rendezvoused within 1 foot of Gemini 7, landed after 17 orbits, 25.9 hours. Re-entered 6/6/66; rendezvous and EVA tests carried out by T. Stafford and E. Cernan; landed after 47 orbits, 72.3 hours. Re-entered 7/21/66; rendezvou-sed with Gemini 8 and 10 targets; J. Young and M. Collins landed after 46 orbits, 70.8 hours. Re-entered 9/15/66; C. Conrad and R. Gordon performed ini-tial first orbit docking; landed after 47 orbits, 71.3 hours. Re-entered 11/15/66; J. Lovell, E. Aldrin ended program with successful EVA tests; landed after 63 orbits, 94.6 hours. Re-entered recovery 4/14/67; attempt after 18 orbits, 26.8 hours; failed due to fouled para-chutes; V. Komarov killed. Re-entered 10/22/68; astronauts Schirra, Cunningham, and Eisele complete near-flawless first man-ned flight of Apollo spacecraft; recovered after 163 orbits, 260.2 hours. Re-entered Cosmo-10/30/68; naut Beregovoy maneuvered to 650 feet from Soyuz 2; landed after 64 orbits, 94.9 hours.
Incl. 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.8 28.9 51.7 31.64 51.4
e
e
g
Apo 162 169 168 174 175 139 177 140
e
e
a Perig 100 100 100 100 100 125 142 127
dat d
bital Perio 88.5 88.8 88.8 89.0 89.0 88.6 89.7 88.6
r
Initial o Weight 7817 8268 8295 8374 8294 45089
Vehicle Titan II Titan II Titan II Titan II Titan II A-2 Saturn IB A-2
m m
a a
a Site ETR ETR ETR ETR ETR Tyurat ETR Tyurat
at
Launch d Date 12/15/65 6/3/66 7/18/66 9/12/66 11/11/66 4/23/68 10/11/68 10/26/68
Proj. dir. NASA NASA NASA NASA NASA USSR NASA USSR
d) Int'! desig. 1965194A 196647A 196666A 196681A 1966104A 196737A 196889A 196894A
e
u
n
Table I (conti Name Gemini 6 Gemini 9 Gemini 10 Gemini 11 Gemini 12 Soyuz 1 Apollo 7 Soyuz 3